Marketing Management Strategies Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Marketing Management Strategies Analysis - Essay Example Multi-domestic strategy is often pursued by food, beverage, clothing and fashion industries where a country by countryapproach is undertaken to satisfy the tastes and needs, laws and regulations of particular markets. The concept of multi-domestic strategy is mainly of ‘we were successful in the home market, lets export the management talent and processes, not necessarily the product, to accommodate another market’ (Cavusgil, Knight, & Riesenberger 2007, Chapter 11)FeaturesMulti-domestic strategy is most suited for franchises, subsidiaries and joint venture type businesses. The multi-domestic strategy has decentralized authority with substantialautonomy at each business. Using a multi-domestic strategy means that the organization is accommodating the local needs and tastes of each individual country, hence producing a customized product for each of its different markets. Control and authority is de-centralized to each of the different locations in order to facilitate dec ision making based on the local needs and requirements.This strategy is most useful when large differences are evident between countries such as cultural, language, religious and major ethnic differences. A multi-domestic strategy value chain means that each of the functions of Research and Development, Marketing and Distribution will be done at a local level in each country. Each of the country managers is highly independent entrepreneurswho enjoy their room for autonomy and responsibility and do not have much incentive. to share their knowledge and tactics with managers elsewhere. The managers recognize and emphasize the market differences that vary from country to country and are often allowed subsidies by the internationalizing company to vary products, services and business functions to meet the needs of the individual markets specifically. Competition varies on a country to country basis and each subsidiary country has its own set of competitor firms. Industries that havecompetition on a country

World War II in Japan Essay Example for Free

World War II in Japan Essay A case of implementation of import substitution industrialization can be examined with the help of the example of Brazil. Brazil was the country which carried the policy of import substitution industrialization later than other underdeveloped countries. The economists in Brazil carefully analyzed its effects and were planning the industrial development of the country while the other countries started import substitution mainly by accident. It is important to note that Brazil initially had all the chances for success in the policy of import substitution, since its population goes up to 170 million, which makes Brazil the fifth largest country in the world. Also Brazil is the fifth largest country by its land area. And finally, Brazil is rich in forest reserves, minerals, navigable rivers agricultural land, and hydroelectric capability. The development of Brazilian economy in the period from 1950 to the 1970s confirmed the most optimistic views. Brazil with its rich resources and reserves was called â€Å"the land of the future†. In 1950 Brazil attempted to establish the largest industry of motor vehicle having practically no sufficient basis. Thirty years later aircraft of Brazil were working on commuter airlines on the United States. Brazilian shoes spread everywhere. Moreover, Brazil opened up the richest iron mine in the world and Brazilians found out the capital city on the place where previously had been a roadless jungle and built the network of roads going deep into Amazon. When the oil prices rose and began threatening the development of Brazil economy, Brazilians launched huge hydroelectric projects to operate the growing industries of the Golden Triangle, which included Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte and required the new automobiles to run on rum instead of gasoline. At the beginning of the 1980s even pessimists agreed that Brazil was â€Å"the country of future†, however added â€Å"and always will be†. The growth of Brazil stopped, when it was almost close to ripening. The modern cities in Brazil coexist together with miserable shanty-towns surrounded with open sewers. The roads are shared by modern vehicles and hand carts. The wages of Brazilian executives are the highest in the world, but at the same time average workers hardly reach subsistence level. Some economists call Brazil a Switzerland within an India. Other economists consider that the case of Brazil brightly illustrates economic growth without economic development. Economist Celso Furtado characterized the state of Brazilian economy in the following way: â€Å"The Brazilian economy constitutes a very interesting example of how far a country can go in the process of industrialization without abandoning its main features of underdevelopment: great disparity in productivity between urban and rural areas, a large majority of the population living at a physiological subsistence level, increasing masses of unemployed people in the urban zones, etc. † By the 1950s the industrial development by means of import substitution had been already a planned process in Brazil. New industries were protected from the foreign competition with the help of a number of methods. Basic industries (for example, steel, electrical power, petroleum reining) became either fully owned by state or received direct subsidies. Law of Similars aimed at putting high tariffs (sometimes tariffs went up to 300%) on imported goods as soon as any domestic firm somewhere in Brazil started manufacturing something ‘similar’. The industries considered high priority always could be credited under favorable terms by a national development bank. For some period of time, the government even set multiple exchange rates in order to lower the cost of imported capital equipment while the price of imported finished goods was kept expensive. One of the growing Brazilian industries in the mid of twentieth century was motor vehicles. The government hoped that foreign financing would help to expand Brazilian firms which were already producing motor parts, bus bodies, truck and so on and soon would turn them into real vehicle manufacturers. But this approach had to be changed for the government of Brazil faced the reluctance of American government to extend loans and the disapproval of the firms from Europe and the USA who owned a critical technology. The world famous giants Fiat General Motors, Mercedes Volkswagen, and Ford were threatened to lose their markets in Brazil if they did not manufacture vehicles within the country. It is important to note that modern manufacturing, in particular the production of appliances, motor vehicles, TVs and so on is a complex process that requires substantial knowledge and skill. Final assembly became possible in Brazil since it was the last stage of production and required the least skill. So, launching modern industries Brazil could start with final assembly and gradually came to more complicated â€Å"backwards†, which included more difficult procedures. For example, Volkswagen could start importing complete parts, such as engines, wheels etc. and assemble them in Sao Paulo plant. The tariffs allowed Volkswagen to sell 1960 30% Brazilian Beetle for twice what Europeans would pay even if the quality was not that high. Eventually, most of the parts became produced in Brazil and the quality of assembly improved. Gradually, the competition from Brazilian Fiats, Fords, and Chevrolets pushed the price down. In this way, Brazilian motor vehicle industry became more and more efficient and even in the 1970s Brazil exported subassemblies and parts to America and to the European countries. By 1980 Brazil started exporting entire vehicles. When import substitution industrialization was implemented in Latin America, the drawbacks of the policy soon revealed themselves. In Brazil as well as in other Latin America countries import substitution model led to foreign ownership in all the sectors in industry except those occupied by state enterprise. When the interests of foreign firms were threatened by Brazilian taxes, environmental or labor legislation, American, German, Italian, British Japanese or French owners were quick to call on their state departments. In particular, the Department of the United States defined one of its key objects as establishing favorable business climate. This meant undermining Brazilian government. Thus, in 1964 some Brazilian generals, being encouraged by American officials, made an attempt to overthrow constitutional government of their country. Another drawback of import substitution industrialization revealed in the fact that this policy led to huge foreign debts. It was not accidental, that Brazil and Mexico ran into debts in order to cover the expenses of their infrastructure development. The development of infrastructure needs a large number of hard currency imports. If infrastructure grows and increases exports together with hard currency earnings, a country can borrow in dollars. Then, under such condition, the country has to earn dollars in order to make the interest payments. But import substitution requires borrowing in dollars for the purpose of economic development of the domestic production that will not necessarily expand exports. By the end of the seventies the countries of Latin America faced the problem: Where to go next? And the next logical step was to export the goods which had been already produced efficiently. By the middle of the eighties Brazil became the largest exporter of shoes and coffee, among ten major exports to America, six were manufactured projects. Nevertheless, the expansion of manufactured goods made Brazilian economy vulnerable to retaliatory tariffs. Moreover, in the 1980s Brazil as well as other underdeveloped countries of Latin America did not manage to pursue the next layer of import substitution ( in particular, microchips, computers, capital equipment), although they attempted to create open markets for their manufactured consumer goods. Unlike the nations of Latin America, the majority of East Asian nations rejected the policy of import substitution industrialization. Due to this, as many economists think, East Asia had its superior performance in the seventies and the eighties of the twentieth century. Generally speaking, the Asian growth had started before World War II in Japan. The process of Asian growth included three groups of countries whose economic â€Å"miracle† began at different times:

Management Principles at Tesco

Management Principles at Tesco Introduction The organisation which we have taken for the study is Tesco Express the sub brand of Tesco Plc. In our study we are going to identify, describe and evaluate the following management area of Tesco Plc, where we will be involving Marketing Principles to give proper management report on the basis of below strategies: The Organisation Orientation The competitive advantage of the organisation The Impact, positive and negative of the organisations Marketing Mix Management report of Tesco Express- Strength, weakness and improvements that will help to maintain competitive advantage in near future Origin of Tesco Tesco Plc the leading Britain retailer among the top three retailers in the world. They are operating 3700 stores among the world and they have employed around 470,000 employees. They are operating in 14 countries and they are UK, Republic of Ireland, India, China, Japan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malaysia, Poland, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, and USA. Tesco Plc was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and the name Tesco was first appeared in the shop in Edgware in 1929 since the company has grown they were implementing their innovation in different business. Jack Cohen founded Tesco and his first day profit was  £1 among his  £4 sales on selling a grocery from the stall in East London. In the year 1924 the first in-house brand of Tesco has launched and they named that product as Tesco Tea. The names come from the initial of TE Stockwell, who was a partner in the tea supplies and the CO from Jack Cohens Surname. In the year 1932 Tesco stores limited have changed to Tesco private Limited Company. Tesco the brand which have changed their way they do business so fundamentally in each and every part of its company. Because of this change they have done in to business which also includes the loyalty management. For that they have taken a different expertise among the world as the earliest and that they have that named as Clubcard. Tesco joined with DunnHumby and created a Clubcard to tracks the buying behaviour of their 13 million customers, through recording and tracking consumption data from shopping bills. Tesco and DunnHumby have jointly built, maintain and mine a rich customer database with information. The Organisations Orientation: Their core business logic is to satisfy their needs and wants of the customers. The production department when starts to manufacture the product, it focuses on the promotion, distribution, pricing etc. How Tesco Express implemented its Market orientation: It overall beats the competition in producing the best quality product to the end users with great customer satisfaction as mentioned below: Flexibility Plan and goal setting Managerial and interpersonal skills Flexibility Tesco Express is widely opened across the cities in UK and gives options to many consumers to shop easily. In total there are around 150 shops which is great benefit to the consumers. They have introduced online trading where customers can place an order and buy it without any hindrance. Self billing has been bought up to avoid queues, saves time and energy, people can use the self bill system and pay by themselves and also introduced Club cards in which they can measure sales and improve accordingly by collecting database. Plan and goal setting- Every organisation has its own plans and works only with the setting right goals at right time. Plans are to maximise sales and profits, maintains No 1 retail store in UK. Targets competitors and remains as a market leader, provides goods/services that are cheap and affordable to public. Business plans and modules are followed to achieve respective goal. Each objective has deadlines to meet so they have to meet their set objective within the stipulated period of time. E.g., Point of sale is an important merchandising activity to remind, people to stock up, just in case, a different product in categories has been brought together under Barbecue Theme, and a sale tends to increase. With the exceptions of meat, Tesco Express has brought all its barbecue products together under one category in store in order to promote sales and profits. Managerial and interpersonal skills Good managerial and interpersonal skills determine good business, we will explain one by one. Managerial skills- It means that one who takes responsibility in handling set of teams and everyone has to report to him/her. One who completes the task within stipulated period of time so that every other staff members can be motivated and then work effectively and efficiently. Tesco express handles sensibly in this department as it has to deal with the customers directly. Good managers will follow the prescribed plan and work accordingly. Interpersonal skills- Communication is nothing but exchanging words with one and another and it is must in any field. Good communication can become good leaders. When handling customers of different regions, each one has different style of speaking so Tesco express handles this part very well. Once staff members have good communication skills it automatically enhances and builds relationships. Marketing: Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. (C.I.M, 2001) In this cut throat competition, Tesco innovations and re-innovates the new product as per the marketing environment in comparison with its fellow competitors. Healthy competition gives the best outcome of the product like price and quality. The main aim is to maximize customers value as a source of competitive advantage. Tescos Marketing Concept It congregates the customer needs, wants and preferences more effectively and more closely than competitors like ASDA, Sainsbury WM Morrison supermarket. The basic philosophies of the organisation are production and sales, it integrates the various activities like production, selling, distribution promotion, advertisement and human resource management in a profitable way for the service of the customers. Production: Focuses on the goods where quality matters and profit is gained on the volume of sales. Quality should be maintained in all the stages of production The company which offers around 1000 products under their own brand Tesco. Comparatively they are quality oriented and price oriented. These products are mainly targeted customer daily needs. They are following exact market economics to market their products. Sales: Even Tesco has its own products in Tesco express also they sell products from different brands too. While comparing with other products Tesco products is more cost effective and with high quality. Tesco Express is one of emerging sub brand in the UK is offering the customer to minimise their shopping time. New innovation has been brought in the form of advanced technology for the customers to generate and pay their own receipts by them. Goals have been divided into 3 different sets Once it sets up the plan with the right objective, the next strategy is to maximise sales with customer satisfaction. Let us take through with 3 different sets of goals. The organisation recognises the market movements of its competitors in order to maintain good mindset in peoples mind. It strives hard to satisfy customers needs, preferences and taste which is very big task. The last and foremost goal is carried out in the internal management to increase productivity with great coordination among staff members who works as a team. Let us concentrate on planning aspects with involving planning strategies as discussed below. Marketing Planning: Turning strategies into implementable action and it is a detailed written statement where each and everyone in the organisation must follow the principles and guidelines and act accordingly. Planning is decide in advance what to do and what not to do, planning plays a vital role in the supermarket division as it deals with FMCG products, in day todays business the sales increases rapidly when everything goes according to plan. Internal and External Environment Key Aspects Where are we now? Significant improvement has shown in identical market in UK Marketing Audit Market Research Environment Analysis How did we get there? They got there simply because of good performance which was solid. Where are we heading and where do we want to be? Tesco express has strived to achieve the highest standards to ensure the long-term access to quality products and maintain their position as the UKs number 1 supermarket. Tescos aim is to keep customers happy, to achieve high profit margins, to motivate workers, expand its marketing strategies, and support economic issues and to be friendly towards the environment. Tesco aims to cover every conceivable part of the consumer base with management controls with review procedures. How might we get there? It has good marketing mix strategies and implements successfully. By doing so it has reached heights by giving services to consumers. Let us talk about the Positioning of Tesco Express In earlier days Tesco did not have the brand name but when sales started picking up and demand was on higher side, it did not compromise quality in order to reduce price and it is very convenient to the customers to purchase products as quality of products are available. Once customers got an idea how good Tesco is then Tesco gained its brand name. With the brand name Tesco started to experiment the products with greater profits and then it is managing the customers with great customer loyalty. Philosophy of entire marketing mix hinges with good positioning and failed to do so creates unsound positioning. Positioning Strategies Reasonable price Good quality More and variety of Products Clearance sales Weekend offers and Festive offers Keys to successful positioning are based on competitiveness, successful positioning, creditability and consistency. Repositioning of product Takes place when positioning of products declines Change in customer tastes and preferences New competitors enters the market Competitive advantage of the organisation Jack Welch, former CEO of GE says, If you dont have competitive advantage, dont compete. (Jobber 2007:773) In the face of global competition and cut throat competition, there are many competitors are growing day by day and the rule of survival for the fittest comes into picture. Companies are forced to survive by increasing the production and sales at a better rate. With todays technology changing day by day organisation has to put the best foot forward to stay and compete. As a result they gain enormous experience to handle different sets of consumers and their buying habits Marketing is all about to generate transactions and to generate relationships. No organisation stands alone in the market without competitors; the company cannot develop its products by developing the product range and its features but also faces the competitive environment of the market. The factors which analyse the changing economic environment of the trading community and it react accordingly. The competitors also influences various factors such as success or failure of a business in any market conditions, this is why it is important to consider systematically a number of aspects of competitive behaviour. Competitive analysis is a systematic approaching in understanding the key factors of the planning strategy in terms of objectives, resource allocation and implementation through the marketing mix. A good understanding of these factors reveals the organisation to be in a stronger arena in building and sustaining foundations for the firm to hold its position to maintain the reputation in the longer run. When competitors are identified, the probability of forming them into clusters, depending on focus and strategy. The outcome of the identified clusters identifies strong and weak competitors in each group which can be considered as the strategic opportunities defined. These are the number of different characteristic that can be used for identifying strategic segments, which in turn provides a useful framework for evolving opportunities in business environment that leads to an order of implementing organisational behaviour techniques of competitors data that relies on financial performance of the segments served in marketing strategies. The arch rival of Tesco express is Costcutter because they are the one who have similar marketing policies to overcome its rival. Tesco Express is spread all over the United Kingdom with in and around 1000 outlets but Costcutter is with 1600 outlets. Comparatively Tesco express and Costcutter got the same logic of attracting their customers to sell best quality with reasonable price. However when we analyse the competitive advantage of Tesco to overcome its fellow competitors with new innovation called Auto billing and paying system but Costcutter lacks with that facilities. Opening as well as closing times varies with Costcutter as it is opened 24 hours open and Tesco express opens from 6am in the morning and closes 10pm in the night. So all we can say is that they are the perfect competitors with having leads and falls with each other in different facts. Tesco express is using different segmentations to make the Tesco express successful among their competitors and their segmentations are geographic, usage and loyalty; On geographic segmentation they categorise their shops according to the market. They mostly were concentrating on the region where they can have the more people who are be the bread and butter consumer that means people who wants to buy one or two products at that specific period of time. Theres a brand familiarity that you dont always get from a local store and the concept is familiar through use of the superstore predecessor. On usage segmentation being an express the range is limited and choice or very little and the price is bit higher than its own Tesco extra. On the loyalty segmentation they have just been the successor of the concept called Clubcard. They have track the customers with the card and it make them to analyse to find the exact need of customer and they serving them according to their needs. Marketing objectives of Tesco Express as follows: Tescos Marketing Objectives The main aim is to retain customer satisfaction and maintain number 1 Retail Company in the UK To maximise sales and profit To provide reasonable price to the consumers Marketing Environment Marketing environment and its influences It has been divided into 2 different categories based on 4ps Micro Environment Macro Environment Micro Environment has been divided into 4 divisions namely Suppliers Distributors Competitors Customers Macro Environment has been divided into 5 divisions namely Socio Cultural Environment- Factors affecting demographic structure of the population, lifestyles, attitudes, cultures, issues of public and private concerns, tastes and demands Technological Environment- Creates new product opportunities and improve production Economic Environment- It determines demand and supply chain Political and legal Environment- Rules, laws and regulations are operated as per the Government bodies. Ex: Smoking in public places Ecological Environment-Factors such as global warming, pollution, recycling, packaging etc. Macro environment with Tescos principles Socio Cultural Environment- Brassington and Pettitt has given definition regarding Demographic, where he briefly explains that it is the study of the measurable aspects of population structures and profiles including factors such as age , size, gender, race, occupation and location. Tesco express has widely opened across and also outside UK to satisfy customer needs and preferences. It represents the strength and weakness. There are wide range of products to satisfy all ages and all classes of people. It broadens tastes and demands according to peoples lifestyle and their expectations. If it does not satisfys then customers can lose interest and faith. Technological Environment When an organisation uses more and more different techniques then flexibility comes into picture. Tesco express operates paperless transactions. It brings out new innovation strategies to market the product as per the existing environment. The recent one which it has introduced new way of billing system call, Till , where customers can pick, pack and invoice themselves.. This new system has given new dimensions to the customers to save an extra time. Market research is carried out on a regular basis where an organisation collects information with the respect to the customer focus Economic Environment In this Economic environment two keywords which handle the whole market are demand and supply. When there is a demand in the market supply increases automatically, this will have a huge impact in the business environment. They concentrate on the factors affecting economic business and monitor them in order to overcome. Political and legal Environment Each and every organisation concentrates on the government laws, rules and regulations. Tesco Express follows strict rules and regulations and gives out warning signals to the customers. It also gives smoking free environment. E.g., Smoking is prohibited. Ecological Environment It aims to set up a greenery environment in the form of waste, packaging, recycling, and also cutting carrier bag use. It converts waste into an energy source and reduces the amount of waste going to landfill by over a third and works on waste targets scheme which are reviewed and reported every week. We have taken examples of two like packaging and recycling. If we take packaging with the product name called Eggs. Packaging helps to protect and preserve food for longer duration and promotes the product to reach the customers in the best condition. Recycling facilities are available in all our markets except China and Turkey. Tescos future plans are to implement recycling facilities even in respective countries as mentioned to have a global impact in the marketing environment. In UK we have 600 recycling centres of our larger stores. Last year we helped customers to recycle approximately 200,000 tonnes. Market Segmentation The identification of groups of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that will have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy. (Jobber 2004) Segments can be defined on the basis of Tesco principles Customer Satisfaction- customers can be pleased all the time because all the products are available under one proof so chances of pleasing them will be on higher note. They dont target individuals indeed they target on the whole. Customers have variety of products to choose and satisfy their preferences. E.g., Products are sold to all age groups with reasonable price and with most importantly good quality Methods of Segmentation Geographic: It targets customers as per the location, country and also takes into consideration whether it is Rural and Urban. Before it opens any new branches, it undergoes market survey based on the customers potential within the respective location. It also makes sure that for which county products are produced, plans for the available resources so that can be used up to the fuller extent, different sets of people has different taste and preferences according to their lifestyle. E.g., In China people have different lifestyles when compared to UK. Demographic: Once it does sets up the business by creating a layout of the geographic successfully, now the next part is to introduce product based on the marketing analysis which includes people age, sex, race, income, occupation, socio-economic status. It collects complete database and then goes forward. Surveys are conducted at regular intervals with the interest of not losing customers focus and interest. This reduces the negative impact on the organisation. Geo-Demographic: Geo- Demographic is nothing but the combination of geographic and demographic. Organisation works on the purchasing behaviours of the people. Once it gathers the available date by doing research in first and second stage and then works as per the prescribed plan. Postcode systems can assist agencies in the new business development, customer profile and identification. Psychographic: Tesco divides the market on the basis of life style and personality of the consumers. It targets people of all ages with their requirements. From grocery, eatables, liquor Mission Every business has its goals/objectives and works on directions set by the management. No firms can succeed without objectives and tagline of Tesco is, Every little Helps. This tagline has created a realistic statement which is motivating and creates intent in the organisation. The realistic purpose is to provide focus and direction through the conduct of the business. Marketing Mix An Effective marketing mix Tesco compromises on price and does not compromises on quality More demand and more supply. Customer loyalty The Impact, positive and negative of the Tesco Express marketing mix Marketing mix is divided into 7ps but let us concentrate on 4ps which as follows. Promotion Place Price Product We will critically discus 4ps in the following stages: Promotion Promotion is generally referred as awareness created towards the introduction of new product and also the availability of the existing product by means of selling activities and advertising. The main aim of promotion is to spread awareness of the products, uses and benefits. It helps the organisation to position their products in the market to reach customers. The effective tool of promotion of Tesco Express is in the form of television and email adverts, message should be clear and simple so that it can reach the targeted audience by creating a desired response. There are different types of promotions such as advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotions. Promotional strategy One of the Tescos key strategies in the promotional activity is, Clubcard loyalty scheme where it has been a huge success and in turn their market share has been increased. This change has led them to be a market leader. They were giving best and competitive prices to the market, products like fresh vegetables, fish, chicken , mutton, beef and all sorts of necessary day to day needs which were outsourced from the farmers , fish, mongers , butchers directly. They have opened number of convenience stores in every possible place and therefore have a good appeal to a huge number of customers in the market environment. Advertising It can be defined as any paid form of non-personal promotion transmitted through a mass medium. The sponsor should be clearly identified and the advertisement may relate to an organisation, a product or a service. The key difference, therefore, between advertising and other forms of promotion is that it is impersonal and communicates with large numbers of people through paid media channels. (Ref 1) Each and every organisation will advertise for the products produced, Tesco has always gives ads saying that they sell cheapest product in the whole of UK and it is one of the cheapest selling supermarket, where they claim that the price of the products is at least a penny less than their competitors firm in the advertisement featuring Prunella scales and Jane Horrocks comparing bills between Tesco and other stores. Stringent rules has to be followed when it is giving comparative advertising as per UK governments rule and abides the body for advertising standards, the Committee of Advertising Practice as listed in the rules and regulations act. They also have different advertisement taglines called, Every little helps, We sell for less, 1 billion pounds off, is youre nearest the dearest, Low prices every day because we sell 10000 everyday. There have been many advertisement campaigns stating that their products are cheaper to their direct competitors. Sales Promotion According to the institute of sales promotion, sales promotion is: A range of tactical marketing techniques designed within a strategic marketing frameworks to add value to a product or service in order to achieve specific sales and marketing objectives.(Ref 3) The store offers a wide range of promotional offers in various times, if they open a store they would give away vouchers having a  £2.00 discount on every  £6.00 spent for every passerby, club card members, computer tokens for schools. Below are the examples of New Year sales promotion. Examples of the New Year promotions offers include: Danepak Maple Cure Back Bacon 220g, was  £3.00, now  £1.50 Extra Large Pineapple, was  £3.00, now  £1.50 Dolmio Original Bolognese Pasta Sauce 750g, was  £2.12, now  £1.06 Princes Tuna Chunks In Brine 4X185g, was  £5.39, now  £2.69 Maryland Choc Chip Hazelnut Cookies 150g, was 86p, now 43p. Kelloggs Special K Oats and Honey 425g, was  £2.87, now  £1.40 Pampers Baby Wipes Sensitive Refill 63, Buy One Get One Free,  £2.29 Technika 24 Full HD TV with Free View DVD, was  £279.97, now  £229.97 Acer 4GB, 15.6 Laptop, was  £497, now  £397 Garmin Sat Nav, 215W, was  £149.97, now  £99.97 Public relations and publicity: Stanley (1982, p. 40) defined PUBLIC RELATIONS as: A management function that determines the attitudes and opinions of the organisations publics, identifies its policies with the interests of its policies with the interests of its publics, and formulates and executes a programme of action to earn the understanding and goodwill of its publics. Tesco maintains a good relation with the customers as per the sources, they have responded to query in time and they have attended to every problem faced by the customer, compromising on quality is not possible but most times they compromise on price. Good coordination is maintained even with their suppliers to maintain high standards. It also involves in wide range of charity operations. E.g., Ref 5 Public relations(Ref 6) Tesco uses a range of Public Relations firms including: Weber Shandwick Worldwide; 72 Point (part of the SWNS Group the UKs biggest independent press agency); CHA, the workplace communications consultancy; Good Relations;142 GGK Public Relations (Poland);143 The Maitland Consultancy. Lawson Lucas Mendelsohn (LLM)144. Marketing communications budget: Pickton and Broderick (2001, p. 67) define integrated marketing communication as .a process which involves the management and organisation of all agents in the analysis, planning, implementation and control of all marketing communications contacts, media, messages and promotional tools focused at selected target audiences in such a way as to derive the greatest economy, efficiency, effectiveness, enhancement and coherence of marketing communications effort in achieving predetermined product and corporate marketing communications objectives. (Ref 7) So we have discussed about promotion and then we will concentrate on place. Place Place means where the organisation is set up and it depends on distribution channels and market research. The main responsibility of the is to reach the product to the customers in the right time and at the right place. Good channel strategy highlights the growth of the company. Tesco express has different distribution channels, like most other retailers they draw the products from their suppliers to their regional warehouses or distribution centres which is then prepared to be delivered to their stores. In an idea to reduce their prices and improve their reliability of the products they have extended their logistics practice by collecting directly in their factories and to their suppliers. They are using 3 types of transport in order to reach the customers early. Ex we have taken road, rail and canal Road In response to the fear of over congestion of roads and a huge increase in fuel prices and concern over its carbon foot print Tesco are switching of their supply chains to alternative modes. Rail The Eddie Stobart group partnered Tesco in distribution of its products in the year 2006. Canal The Tesco started using the Manchester ship canal in 2007 to ship wine from Liverpool to a distribution facility in Manchester. The wine is previously offloaded from the south coast so that it completely avoids the road traffic. Market coverage Ensuring that the product is made available through appropriateintermediariesso that: (a) the potential customer can access it as easily as possible; and (b) the product is properly displayed, sold and supported within thechannel of distribution. Market coverage might involve intensive distribution, selective distribution or exclusive distribution. (Ref8) According to Tesco express they target on a place where it is easily accessible and effective they setup stores or acquire the existing stores in that area they have been successful with that kind of strategy, they do a lot of ground work dating back from the customers and then to the aisle rows, they are frequently replacing the items which are sold out. Specific channel members In the Tesco the channel members are appointed by the company itself where each one of the member in that board has a specific area to cover where the price negotiation, order approval and all the other necessities are taken care. Each department in the Tesco has its own head where the deciding authority is that person so they do-not have any intermediaries it is all B2B dealings. They outsource it directly from the producers. Warehousing Warehousing is an important link in the physical distribution chain. It enables goods to be stored and subsequently moved according to customer demand. The type and role of the warehouse will vary according to the demands of the products. (Ref 9) In this part the Tesco has been playing an completely efficient and an more organised way of warehousing they are frequently being refurbished with the products. There are a number of warehouses situated in the places which are easily accessible for the stores maybe it a superstore, express, extra or a metro. Product Product means commodity offered for sales and it gives be benefit to customers. We often distinguish between product and services, service mainly on tangible products. It also means physical products which satisfy the customer needs and preferences. While other competitors in the market, product sh

The Benetton Group Case Study Essay -- Benetton Ad Campaign Social Iss

The Benetton Group Case Study The Controversy Continues Problem Identification Benetton, the world famous clothing producer, once again dives into social issues that the United States may not be ready for. The Italy based group is well known for their shocking world issue advertisements that only bear the company logo. In fact, Benetton’s advertisements traditionally do not feature the clothes it sells; only the issues play the lead role. After years of controversy over ads such as AIDS, war, interracial relationships, and priests kissing nuns, it may be time for Benetton to campaign about something other than controversial social issues, like clothes. On January 1, 2000, Benetton’s new advertising campaign wasn’t about sweaters or pants, but about convicted murderers that are on death row. The â€Å"death row† ads feature portraits of American death row inmates in prison uniforms with the slogan â€Å"Sentenced to Death†. The ads give the inmate’s name, date of birth, cr ime, and expected method of execution. Within the campaign, inmates also talk about topics ranging from their childhood to their dreams, everything except their victims. According to CNN, victims’ rights advocates are outraged as well as are the individuals that lost loved ones to the profiled inmates. Once again, Benetton is faced with another controversy that could perhaps worsen their already poor US market share. According to the New York Stock Exchange, where The Benetton Group is publicly traded, it seems that the company has lost over ten dollars per share since their peak of 50 15/16 in January. This decrease could be attributed to many things, but perhaps the most significant was the February announcement that Sears would immediately pull Benetton designed clothes from all 400 of its stores that had been selling the Benetton USA line. The Benetton USA line was specifically designed for Sears when the two companies joined last summer to introduce a new line of juniors , kids, and men’s apparel. Troubled by the campaign, Sears renegotiated its contract with Benetton to gain the right to preview future Benetton ad campaigns. A revised clause in the contract also gave Sears the ability to withdraw from the deal without penalty if the two parties were unable to agree on future campaigns, according to CNN. Regardless of these changes, the controversy was too significant for Sears to ignore due ... ...it could be done by using special warnings). The Benetton does just the opposite: it wants everybody to see it, because this is the only way they can change society (awareness). The ads may be perceived as psychoactive, and therefore ethically incorrect (e.g. the "Death Row" campaign had enormous negative impact on relatives of the murders' victims). The problems with the campaign eventually led to the departure of Toscani from the company (after 18 years of collaboration). The parties had claimed that it had nothing to do with the last campaign, but critics took it as Benetton's acknowledgement of wrongdoing. In the summer of 2000, the Benetton advertising practices have changed as well: they turned from using the death row as means of publicity, towards doing shows on fashion runways. Many of the industry observers anticipate that company will convert to more traditional fashion advertising in order to increase its sales. They predict it will help the stock as well (Sloat, 2000). The results of rethinking the advertising philosophy are yet to be seen. Judging by recent developments, the Benetton approach to social responsibility issues have not been entirely successful.

Integrating Art in Elementary School Curriculum Essay

We are living in a world full of art. Everywhere we look, every shape, size and color represent art. From the films we watch to the cover of our books, from the interior of our house to the design of our clothes, art is present. In our modern times, art is usually described in its aesthetic sense. Art comes in drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, poetry, music, cinema, and in almost anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By definition, â€Å"art is any human effort to emulate, enhance, change, or neutralize the work of nature. It is also the conscious production of colors, sounds, forms, movements, and any other element in a manner that affects the sense of beauty and aesthetics. † (Art)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The elements of art, which can help us to understand better art’s aesthetic values are color, shape, line, value, space, form and texture. Color refers to the intensity of the colors used as well as with the brightness and darkness of colors. Shape refers to the â€Å"meeting of lines†. Lines are the primary element in any drawing. Value is the lightness and darkness or color, when it is combined with the hues. Lastly, form is the dimension of a shape. It can be a two or three dimensional shape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the principles of art can also help us to better understand our perception of art. When combined with the elements of art, to enhance the aesthetic value of art.   These are balance, proportion, contrast, emphasis, pattern, rhythm, harmony, unity, variety and movement. Balance is the principle of art wherein the other elements should not be overly done for the symmetry of a certain artwork. Contrast, on the other hand, is the idea of showing distinction by breaking repetitions in an artwork to draw focus in a certain area. Furthermore, proportion is the relative locations, shapes, and sizes of the objects or ideas in the artwork.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term art also has something to do with visual experience or object which was created through by expressing a skill or by using the imagination. Art’s purposes also ranges from the aesthetic to the utilitarian point of view. (Art)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is what we call the â€Å"utility of art†. It is where the utility or use of art enters. Graffiti is a kind of art which is used as a medium of self-expression. In the social context, graffiti can be used as a means to calm the internal being and boost one’s morale. One the negative context, it can be a form of black propaganda, and thus deteriorating other people’s lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing these, it can be concluded that it is of great importance for young people to appreciate art. It is also a common fact that because of the advent in technology nowadays, what with the computer games and other modern gadgets, kids find it hard to involve themselves in art. It is now a common problem for elementary school art teachers to find ways to help the children in the appreciation of art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of aesthetic is a very important consideration in teaching art especially to young children. Aesthetic is a philosophical branch that deals with the â€Å"criteria of artistic judgment†. Art’s classical conception was formulated by ancient art masters Plato and Aristotle, and developed by modern artists such as Benedetto, Croce, Kant, etc. (Art)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since art is the first thing that one observes, it is essential to focus on the aesthetic value of an art for the children to better appreciate it. There are different ways on how to improve the teaching of art (in particular with third graders).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firstly, consider the modern technological advancement and use it as an advantage. Since it was concluded that most students are hooked with the computers, why not use it as a means to let them be interested. Use the computer to show them digital photography. Play games with the computer using famous computer games characters and relate it to art. Only if you make them interested in something will they’ll be able to learn, and this is one sure way to make them interested.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, change the ambiance of   your classroom. The environment is a very big factor to consider for the students to learn. Make it more vibrant, more colorful, and more appealing to Grade3 students.   Put some designs on the wall. Instead of using a normal chair, let the children play inside by putting a larger working space for them to interact with one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, PLAY. Always remember that you are dealing with small kids. Always keep in mind that children needs time to play, and what else is the best way to make them learn that to integrate learning with playing. Information plus entertainment equals learning. Children love to play. They love interacting with one another. By doing this, it is a sure way to make them learn. Sources:    (Art) Retrieved on September 7, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art (Art) Retrieved on September 7, 2006 from http://www.answers.com/art&r=67 (Art) Retrieved on September 7, 2006 from http://www.Britannica.com

20 Topics for a Thesis on the History of American Business

20 Topics for a Thesis on the History of American Business In the previous guide, we discussed 10 facts for a thesis on the history of American business. It provided you with an adequate amount of information on the subject, thus laying a solid foundation for your thesis statement. In our second guide, 20 Topics for a Thesis on the history of American business, we discuss 20 relevant topics you can take inspiration from to start writing your thesis statement. We have also included a sample essay at the end that would aid you in better understanding how a thesis statement is written. We highly recommend you go through our third and final guide, how to write a thesis on the history of American business, right after reading this one. Even if you know how to write a thesis statement, reading this guide would nicely polish off your current knowledge and allow you to write even more flawlessly. Without further ado, here are 20 Topics on the history of American business: How the Vision of an Industrial Nation Became a Reality in the 1790s. The Initiative of a Privately Owned Bank in the United States that Provided a Uniform Financial System for 13 States The Bank War of 1832 and How it Led to the Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States The Importance of Railroads in America and How it Led to American businesses Sprouting in Five Dimensions The Transformation of Retail, Wholesale, Manufacturing, Finance and Agriculture Economy Due to a Highly Efficient Network of Shipping Freight and Passengers How Railroads were Able to Finance the Private Financial System When the Construction of Railroads Was Too Expensive than Canals or Factories How Railroads Helped Design a Complex Managerial System that Allowed the Local Factory Owners to be More Productive and to Do More in Less Time The Evolution of Retirement: Rise of the American Pension System to Discourage Employees from Leaving Love-Hate Relationship with the Railroads: The Empowering Realization that Everyone Could Buy a Ticket for a Thousand-Mile Trip How Railroads Helped Unify, Dignify, Expand and Enrich the Nation of America How Railroads Become a Part of Public Celebrations of Republicanism The Era of a Cheaper, Easier and More Common Traveling System in America that Changed the Entire Course of American Business and its History Love-Hate Railroads Relationship: Why Poets and Novelists Fretted Over How Railroads Would Destroy the American Landscape The Dominators of Rural America before the post-1910 Dawn of the Automobile Why Rural General Stores and Itinerant Peddlers Were the Main Sources of Supply How Retail in Towns and Small Cities Become a Success and How it Appealed to the Middle-Class Women (Better Educated) Who Did Most of the Shopping The Era of Big City Department Stores: How Alexander T. Stewart Became the Founding Father of Big Department Stores that Sold Everything from Dress Goods to Toys and Sports Equipment Self-Service: An Early 20th Century Innovation which Flourished Supermarket Grocery Chains and Other Varieties of Chain Stores How Advertising on American Soil Became a Successful Marketing Regimen to Promote Businesses The Golden Age of Black Businesses: Role of The National Negro Business League in Promoting Black Business Perfect! Now you have 20 topics to choose from and you can start writing your own thesis statement based on any one of them. Read on to the sample essay below that would serve as your eyes and ears during the thesis writing process. We have chosen a topic from above to help you get accustomed to writing a thesis statement. Here it is: Sample Thesis: The Importance of Railroads in America and How it Led to American Businesses Sprouting in Five Dimensions The railroad industry became a pioneer in helping American businesses thrive and flourish. In fact, it was so significant that it had a dramatic large-scale impact on American businesses in five dimensions. In my opinion, the railroads were the founding fathers of the American business we see today ― from automobiles to consumer products, everything came into fruition due to the dawn of railroads in America. Railroads provided an excellent network of freight and passenger shipments across a big national market. This led to a major carryover effect on major some sections of the economy such as but not limited to: manufacturing, finance, agriculture, wholesale and retail. Due to the addition of telegraphs, the national market of the United States became as big as the Europe’s market, which was supported by one common, unified financial, language and legal system. Railroads were also behind the materialization of private financial systems which paved the way for investments coming from private investors. Over the course of several years, total railroad bones and stocks went from $1.8 billion to $10.6 billion, whereas the total debt at that time was merely $1.2 billion. New York became the dominating financial market which led to the emergence of the financial system based on these railroad bonds. Eventually, Boston officially became the first financial center in the US. Following a fatal accident, the Western Railroad of Massachusetts became the leading force in taking responsibility to place an accountability system. This allowed the dispatchers and district managers to keep an eye on all train movements. To prevent further accidents from occurring, a disciplined rulebook had to be followed by everyone, creating a much better managed environment in the railroad industry. Railroads opened opportunities for young men aged between 18 to 20 years to spend their entire lives working in the railroad industry which was both innovative and inspiring. These men first started out as workers on tracks, and in time, were promoted to an engineer position owing to their hard work and dedication. However, women who were interested in becoming a part of the railroad industry were never hired. To discourage employees from working for someone else, railroad companies invented the American pension system that promised pensions right after the employees were retired ― usually following 40 to 50 years of service. Eventually, railroads became a profound proponent of a love-hate relationship in America. Although many American societies embraced the rise of railroads and saw it as a new way to travel thousands of miles, which also seemed to empower the nation, novelists and poets thought otherwise. Railroads received a damaging blow due to the dark side of this love-hate relationship, but it also flourished exponentially due to the all the positives it brought to American society. In my opinion, railroads were the big investors in making American businesses rise and thrive. It opened career paths for young men, promised them pensions, became a pioneer in the invention of a proper railroad management system, and greatly impacted the main sectors of American economy. Even though it was the center of controversial talk between novelists and poets, it also became anodyne among American societies which did help railroads flourish. You’re just one step away from gaining complete skill and mastery over writing a flawless thesis statement for your paper. Read our final guide, how to write a thesis on the history of American business, and call it a day! References: Bray Hammond, Bank and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (1957) David Cowen, 1791-1797 The origins and economic impact of the First Bank of the United States, (Garland Pub., 2000). Andrew Shankman, (2003) A New Thing on Earth: Alexander Hamilton, Pro-Manufacturing Republicans, and the Democratization of American Political Economy. Journal of the Early Republic 23.3 : 323-352 Dora L. Costa, 1880-1990 The evolution of retirement. in Costa, The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, (U of Chicago Press, 1998), pp 6-31 Leland H. Jenks, (1944) Railroads as an economic force in American development. Journal of Economic History 4#1 : 1-20. An 1827 report shows the motivations of early boosters: Wooddy, William (1827). Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Proceedings of sundry citizens of Baltimore, convented for the Purpose of Devising the most efficient Means of Improving the Intercourse between that City and the Western States. The North American Review. Boston: Frederick T. Gray. 25 (56): 62–73. Alfred D. Chandler and Stephen Salsbury. (MIT Press, 1965) The railroads: Innovators in modern business administration. in Bruce Mazlish, ed., The Railroad and the Space Program pp 127-62

A Look at the History of Computers

A Look at the History of Computers Before the age of electronics, the closest thing to a computer was the abacus, although, strictly speaking, the abacus is actually  a calculator since it requires a human operator. Computers, on the other hand, perform calculations automatically by following a series of built-in commands called software. In the 20th century,  breakthroughs in technology allowed for the ever-evolving computing machines that we now depend upon so totally, we practically never give them a second thought. But even prior to the advent of microprocessors and supercomputers, there were certain notable scientists and inventors who helped lay the groundwork for the technology thats since drastically reshaped every facet of modern life. The Language Before the Hardware The universal language in which computers carry out processor instructions originated in the 17th century in the form of the binary numerical system. Developed by German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the system came about as a way to represent decimal numbers using only two digits: the number zero and the number one. Leibnizs system was partly inspired by philosophical explanations in the classical Chinese text the â€Å"I Ching,† which explained the universe in terms of dualities such as light and darkness and male and female. While there was no practical use for his newly codified system at the time, Leibniz believed that it was possible for a machine to someday make use of these long strings of binary numbers.​ In 1847, English mathematician George Boole introduced a newly devised algebraic language built on Leibnizs work. His â€Å"Boolean Algebra† was actually a system of logic, with mathematical equations used to represent statements in logic. Equally important was that it employed a binary approach in which the relationship between different mathematical quantities would be either true or false, 0 or 1.   As with Leibniz, there were no obvious applications for Boole’s algebra at the time, however, mathematician Charles Sanders Pierce spent decades expanding the system, and in 1886, determined that the calculations could be carried out with electrical switching circuits. As a result, Boolean logic would eventually become instrumental in the design of electronic computers. The Earliest Processors English mathematician Charles Babbage is credited with having assembled the first mechanical computers- at least technically speaking. His early 19th-century machines featured a way to input numbers, memory, and a processor, along with a way to output the results. Babbage called his initial attempt to build the world’s first computing machine the â€Å"difference engine.† The design called for a machine that calculated values and printed the results automatically onto a table. It was to be hand-cranked and would have weighed four tons. But Babbages baby was a costly endeavor. More than  £17,000 pounds sterling was spent on the difference engines early development. The project was eventually scrapped after the British government cut off Babbage’s funding in 1842. This forced Babbage to move on to another idea, an analytical engine, which was more ambitious in scope than its predecessor and was to be used for general-purpose computing rather than just arithmetic. While he was never able to follow through and build a working device, Babbage’s design featured essentially the same logical structure as electronic computers that would come into use in the 20th century. The analytical engine had integrated memory- a form of information storage found in all computers- that allows for branching, or the ability for a computer to execute a set of instructions that deviate from the default sequence order, as well as loops, which are sequences of instructions carried out repeatedly in succession.   Despite his failures to produce a fully functional computing machine, Babbage remained steadfastly undeterred in pursuing his ideas. Between 1847 and 1849, he drew up designs for a new and improved second version of his difference engine. This time, it calculated decimal numbers up to 30 digits long, performed calculations more quickly, and was simplified to require fewer parts. Still, the British government did not feel it was worth their investment. In the end, the most progress Babbage ever made on a prototype was completing one-seventh of his first design. During this early era of computing, there were a few notable achievements: The tide-predicting machine, invented by Scotch-Irish mathematician, physicist, and engineer Sir William Thomson in 1872, was considered the first modern analog computer.  Four years later, his older brother, James Thomson, came up with a concept for a computer that solved mathematical problems known as differential equations. He called his device an â€Å"integrating machine† and in later years, it would serve as the foundation for systems known as differential analyzers. In 1927, American scientist Vannevar Bush started development on the first machine to be named as such and published a description of his new invention in a scientific journal in 1931. Dawn of Modern Computers Up until the early 20th century, the evolution of computing was little more than scientists dabbling in the design of machines capable of efficiently performing various kinds of calculations for various purposes. It wasn’t until 1936 that a unified theory on what constitutes a general-purpose computer and how it should function was finally put forth. That year, English mathematician Alan Turing published a paper titled, On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, which outlined how a theoretical device called a â€Å"Turing machine† could be used to carry out any conceivable mathematical computation by executing instructions. In theory, the machine would have limitless memory, read data, write results, and store a program of instructions. While Turing’s computer was an abstract concept, it was a German engineer named Konrad Zuse who would go on to build the world’s first programmable computer. His first attempt at developing an electronic computer, the Z1, was a binary-driven calculator that read instructions from punched 35-millimeter film. The technology was unreliable, however, so he followed it up with the Z2, a similar device that used electromechanical relay circuits. While an improvement, it was in assembling his third model that everything came together for Zuse. Unveiled in 1941, the Z3 was faster, more reliable, and better able to perform complicated calculations. The biggest difference in this third incarnation was that the instructions were stored on an external tape, thus allowing it to function as a fully operational program-controlled system.   What’s perhaps most remarkable is that Zuse did much of his work in isolation. Hed been unaware that the Z3 was Turing complete, or in other words, capable of solving any computable mathematical problem- at least in theory. Nor did he have any knowledge of similar projects underway around the same time in other parts of the world. Among the most notable of these was the IBM-funded Harvard Mark I, which debuted in 1944. Even more promising, though, was the development of electronic systems such as Great Britain’s 1943 computing prototype Colossus and the ENIAC, the first fully-operational electronic general-purpose computer that was put into service at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. Out of the ENIAC project came the next big leap in computing technology. John Von Neumann, a Hungarian mathematician whod consulted on ENIAC project, would lay the groundwork for a stored program computer. Up to this point, computers operated on fixed programs and altering their function- for example, from performing calculations to word processing. This required the time-consuming process of having to manually rewire and restructure them. (It took several days to reprogram ENIAC.) Turing had proposed that ideally, having a program stored in the memory would allow the computer to modify itself at a much faster pace. Von Neumann was intrigued by the concept and in 1945 drafted a report that provided in detail a feasible architecture for stored program computing.  Ã‚  Ã‚   His published paper would be widely circulated among competing teams of researchers working on various computer designs. In 1948, a group in England introduced the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, the first computer to run a stored program based on the Von Neumann architecture. Nicknamed â€Å"Baby,† the Manchester Machine was an experimental computer that served as the predecessor to the Manchester Mark I. The EDVAC, the computer design for  which Von Neumann’s report was originally intended, wasn’t completed until 1949. Transitioning Toward Transistors The first modern computers were nothing like the commercial products used by consumers today. They were elaborate hulking contraptions that often took up the space of an entire room. They also sucked enormous amounts of energy and were notoriously buggy. And since these early computers ran on bulky vacuum tubes, scientists hoping to improve processing speeds would either have to find bigger rooms- or come up with an alternative. Fortunately, that much-needed breakthrough was already in the works. In 1947, a group of scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a new technology called point-contact transistors. Like vacuum tubes, transistors amplify electrical current and can be used as switches. More importantly, they were much smaller (about the size of an aspirin capsule), more reliable, and they used much less power overall. The co-inventors John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley would eventually be awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. While Bardeen and Brattain continued doing research work, Shockley moved to further develop and commercialize transistor technology. One of the first hires at his newly founded company was an electrical engineer named Robert Noyce, who eventually split off and formed his own firm, Fairchild Semiconductor, a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument. At the time, Noyce was looking into ways to seamlessly combine the transistor and other components into one integrated circuit to eliminate the process in which they had to be pieced together by hand. Thinking along similar lines, Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, ended up filing a patent first. It was Noyce’s design, however, that would be widely adopted. Where integrated circuits had the most significant impact was in paving the way for the new era of personal computing. Over time, it opened up the possibility of running processes powered by millions of circuits- all on a microchip the size of a postage stamp. In essence, it’s what has enabled the  ubiquitous handheld gadgets we use every day, that are ironically, much more powerful than the earliest computers that took up entire rooms.

Brave New World Similar to Today essays

Brave New World Similar to Today essays How Similar is Brave New World's Society to Our Own? The novel, Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley portrays a so-called "utopian" society. When examining the surface, their society does seem truly perfect. It is problem free and everyone is happy. In addition the population is also controlled from their social status to their intellectual ability. However, after further examination of this "perfect" world, it seems strangely similar to our own society, which is not in any way near being perfect. The society in Brave New World and our society today share many similarities and differences. For instance, there are similarities and differences between the aspects of drug use, consumerism, and relationships. In the Brave New World, it is not illegal to use drugs. In fact, drugs are readily available for anyone in need of it. The drug in the new world is referred to as soma. It produces a euphoric feeling without the negative aftereffects. Furthermore, the consumption of soma is carefully regulated. As a result, overdoses do not occur unless someone is dying and they are given a fatal amount of soma. Everyone in the society is conditioned to take soma whenever they are unhappy. In fact, the consumption of soma is done on a daily basis. Every status has a required daily ration. Huxley created some to control people's emotions, which would maintain the stability of the society in Brave New World. However, in today's society, drugs seem to result in chaos rather than stability. Treatment for stress and or anxiety must not place the individual at a greater risk than their current condition. (Rutter, 57) It is illegal to take drugs with the exception of alcohol, tobacco, and prescription drugs. Sadly, in our society, drugs are also readily available for those that want it. However, they are not prescribed. Unlike soma, the drugs produce numerous negative aftereffects. Furthermore, the consumption of drugs is not regulated. ...

Psychology (experiments) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology (experiments) - Essay Example This depends on the grouping of words according to the system. This is the fundamental step for organization that effects the recalling or retrieving the information. The study of the experiments conducted on 118 under graduate students examined the idea that the organization in memory varies depending on the processing of input. The depth of the processing and the conditions of retrieval will show the effect on the recalling the associates. In this case the memory and the organization are distinguished. The organization of the associates or the words given in the experiment will imply the hierarchical structure. This is due to the grouping of the items according to a system. In case of associative organization the direct links among the members of the group of the words will play the role of organization, effect on memory and recalling. The effort to be encoded during the learning and grasping can be utilized in the effort of remembering than the associative relations. The list of words grouped in the experiment 1 into different categories. Alternatively they can be grouped into associative categories also. This did not happen and only the organ ized and random lists of words were given for the participants. ... The associative and conceptual clustering that are observed gave outputs by tending to increase with the recall trials which is not examined in this case. This can be termed as a limitation in this case. This suggests that the establishment of retrieval scheme is dependent on clustering and organization. In experiment 2 the memorizing is done by video unlike the audio in the first case. As no secondary tasks are allowed, the participants recalled the words either without it. This is relative to the undisturbed recalled condition as the secondary task condition indicates the stronger associative than conceptual clustering. This denotes that the different types of organization of memory are important under different conditions of attention like audio and video.2 The results obtained can be useful in general and medical psychology. The ordinary people and patients can be examined by taking these results as normal conditions. These types of results are useful extremely in treating schizophrenic patients. The comparison of the results to those of the patients will give the extent of the disease. The learning tasks for the patients can be framed according the results based on the above experiments. The duration of the listening and viewing the list was not taken into consideration in the above mentioned and these can be termed as the limitations for the study.3 Hypothesis: The recalling and cognitive behavior depends on the organization and clustering of the data and information. 2. Discussion There are large demands on working memory during text comprehension. The expert performance needs the traditional models of working memory involving temporary storage. These should be extended in order to include the working memory that is

Slavery in Colonial America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slavery in Colonial America - Essay Example Once a person bought a slave, he/she was that person’s property and he could do anything with him that he wished. The slaved would be whipped and treated even badly if he made any mistake. If a slave cracked a disease, that was very common in those times, he was not treated with medicines, etc. (Schneider, 2007). Most slaves used to die due to these terrible living conditions and nobody was accounted for the slaves’ death. (Buell, 2004). In short, once a person became a slave, he was treated worse than animals and there was no value for his existence or his life and if anything bad happened to him, nobody would be accounted for it since he was a slave who was worthy of nothing. (Horton, 2006). The process through which people were made slaves and were sold out was very cruel. First, the slaves, usually Africans were captured. These people included both men and women of all ages. If these people had children, they were captured along with their parents only to grow up and become slaves automatically. These captured people were tied together to prevent them from running away, which was the case many a times whenever the slaves got the opportunity. (Buell, 2004). Then these slaves were taken to special places called Slave Factories where they were tested for their health, strength and wellbeing. The stronger and healthier the slave would be, the higher he would be priced for. The slaves were also tested for their appearance and beauty. For male slaves, the more handsome and good-looking they were, the more expensive they got and for female slaves, the more beautiful they were, the higher they were priced at. (Buell, 2004). After the tests were carried out, the weak and malnourished slaves were set free as they were not of much use while the others were then branded with blazing iron brands in order to create a Slave Identity. (Buell, 2004). Once these people were made slaves, they were the property of the capturer and were then

IMC AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMC AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION - Essay Example In recent years, Integrated Marketing Communication, a newly emerging and young academic framework, has become a very strategic and magical bullet that is found to help a firm achieve sustainable competitive advantage. IMC is a careful coordination of varying promotional tools such as sales promotion, personal selling, advertising, event marketing, public relation with a view to facilitate effective brand communication along with ensuring of consistency in every message (Lamb, hair and McDaniel, 2008,p. 413). This paper discusses the advertising strategy of Milky Way and explains different promotional strategies, measuring of the effectiveness of advertising and marketing research approach. Milky Way’s advertising Strategy Milky Way bar, a chocolate bar distributed by Mars Incorporated Company headquartered in Mclean, USA, is one of the most admired and widely renowned chocolate brand name across the world. In 2012, the company launched an ad campaign labeled ‘Sorry, I w as eating a Milky Way’ to attract targeted market to a feeling that the bar is particularly irresistible. The advertising strategy used in this ad campaign seems more or less to be affective advertising strategy. Literatures including Clow and Baack (2004, p. 231) and Shimp (2008, p. 225) identified the very basic advertising strategies, that are cognitive strategy, affective strategy and brand strategy. Affective advertising strategy elicits emotions, feelings and perceptions so as to affect the reasoning process of targeted audience which in turn lead them to take a proper action (Clow and Baack, 2004, p. 234). Milky Way’s adverting campaign in the print media labeled ‘Sorry I was eating a Milky Way’ is shown in the figure below. This advertising integrated both resonance and emotional advertising techniques. This advertising provides both resonant and emotional messages to customers that a bride is quite unlikely to be present on time when she was enjoy ing the gooey caramel tastes of the Milky Way. Arens, Weigold and Arens (2008, p. 340) noted that resonance in advertising refers to echoing, reverberating and vibrating. Milky Way’s advertising is meant to catch the imagination of audience. Emotional advertising tries to reflect emotions that motivate customers’ recall of product and choice. Emotions such as reliability, happiness, pleasure, passion etc are connected to Milky Way’s advertising message. Milky Way’s advertising is meant to attract customers attraction and to influence them to recall the brand name and thus to build brand image. Measuring the effectiveness of Advertising There are basically four outcomes of an advertising effort, they are; 1) recognition and recall, 2) emotional reaction, 3) persuasion and 4) sales responses. Shimp (2008, p. 289) has clearly outlined certain techniques that can help measuring the effectiveness of an advertising. To measure the recognition and recall of cust omers, Shimp (2008, p. 289) suggests Starch Readership Service, a testing service of a company named GfK Custom Research North America to measure the reader awareness of customers through magazines, Buzzone Research Company to research consumers’ recognition through TV and Day-after recall testing to test customers’ recall after one-day of the advertisement. To measure the emotional reactions, Shimp (2008, p. 289) suggests brain imaging of customers with help of neuroscience, self-reporting of customers and physiological tests to measure any of several autonomous reactions of customers to advertising. To m

Education in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education in Texas - Essay Example Origins of Public Education in Texas The origins of the public education system in Texas grew out of the dissolution of an alliance between Mexico and Texas. Prior to 1835 the agreement between the two states stipulated that Mexico be responsible for education in that particular region of the United States. Because of the dissolution of the agreement and the enactment of the Texas Declaration of Independence of 1836 the responsibility of educating the public shifted from Mexico to the State of Texas. Major Milestones The education system in Texas has progressively evolved over the last 150 years. The development of the education system grew in response to the needs of the citizens and the demands of regional commerce. Some of the major historical milestones of the education system in Texas include: 1840 – First Anglo-American school opened; 17,712 acres of land in each county in the state designated for public schools (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1845 – A specific pe rcentage of annual tax revenue set aside for free public education; creation of the Permanent School Fund (McClellan, 2011). 1876 – State Constitution of 1876 set aside 45 million acres of public lands for schools; funds held within the Permanent School Fund invested in bonds (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1884 - School laws rewritten; re-creation of the duties and responsibilities of the State Superintendent of Education; ad valorem tax affirmed to create a consistent source of income for the public education system (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1885 - Statewide school accreditation system developed and implemented (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1949 - Senator A. M. Aikin and State Representative Claud Gilmer organize committees to reform education system (Gilmer-Aikin laws); teachers’ salaries and standardization of teaching credentials established (Erekson, 2010, p. 1033) 1957 – Assessment and evaluation of the effectiveness of the Gilmer-Aikin laws (Texa s Education Agency, 2011). 1984 - House Bill 72 increased teachers’ salaries and restructured school financing enabling a shift of resources from wealthier school districts to poorer performing districts (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 2001- No Child Left Behind (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Reforms and Revisions The development of the education system, management agencies, state municipalities, along with individual school districts throughout the State has been an ongoing process. Pivotal events in the United States’ history such as the Civil War, World Wars I and II, and integration influenced the formation of the education system in Texas. From the inception and establishment of the first public school in 1840, leaders, elected administrators, and lawmakers sought ways in which to deliver the highest quality of education available for the residents of Texas (Texas Education Agency, 2011). Provisions for permanent funding for the education system did not occ ur until 1845 in which the Permanent School Fund was created. The fund created specific financing options for educating students in Texas; its purpose was to lighten the burden on citizens paying taxes and to produce an alternate way of funding public education. The predecessor of the Permanent Sch

African Tribal Dances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

African Tribal Dances - Essay Example Furthermore, when they dance, for them all time stops, the air draws back and the past, the present and the future merge into a single indescribable jewel in eternity. We will discuss about the culture of the famous Zulu tribe of Africa. Zulu is the largest ethnic group of Africa. It has a population of an estimated 10-11 million people, living mainly in the province of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Their language is ‘isiZulu’. It is ‘Bantu language’, more specifically part of the ‘Nguni’ subgroup. Their importance is revealed by the fact that the Zulu Kingdom played a major role in South African History during the 19th and 20th centuries. At one time, Zulu people were classified as the third-class citizens and suffered from state sanctioned discrimination, now they are the most numerous ethnic group among the African tribes and share equal rights among all the other citizens. The Zulu are descendents from a chief from the Congo area. They migrated south in the 16th century, picking up many of the traditions of the San, who also inhabited this South African area. During the 17th and 18th centuries, as a result of the treaties made by many of their most powerful chiefs, the control of the Zulu villages was given to the British. As Zulu had a strong village government systems, so this created much of the conflict and they fought against the British, but could not win because of their small strength. Till 1879, much of the Zulu area was given under the British, but still, the Zulu as a whole decided not to be under British rule, so as a result, war erupted between the British and Zulu. Although the result was in favor of Zulu, as they won the war, but within six months, they were conquered by the British, who exiled the Zulu Kings and divided up the Zulu kingdom. In 1906, another Zulu uprising was lead, continuing their try

Technology and Training Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Technology and Training Systems - Essay Example A number of the participants stated that the interviewing phase acted as a means of exploring the training system, debate the findings, and change the evaluation into an academic expedition. With no proper questioning, employees who may record poor productivity in the training system may get the wrong impression about the organization or its training system. In my assessment, I also learned that subjects should draw on the entire experience of the training session and not simply the outcome. This drawing should include shifting the focus of the debate from matters employees enjoy conversing about to topics that are more important (LÃ ©ger, Feldstein, Babin, Charland, Robert, & Lyle, 2011). For instance, participants of my assessment ought to have talked about group behaviors that either aided or limited them during training. Other questions that employees in similar career development systems could ask are the significance of clarity, the full exploitation of all group members’ contribution, requirements for complete usage of the knowledge of fellow employees, and the effects of such combined effort. During the questioning in my assessment, I emphasized the fact that a group that did not produce desired results in the training system but can explain the root of this poor delivery is at an advantage compared to a group that produ ced desired results but cannot explain why they performed well. My assessment also established that a more official and ready teaching presentation can be helpful for questioning. This is a good chance for analyzing some of the key concepts behind incorporation and technology-supporting training systems and offering explanations and features of these systems. With the simulation training experience, employees can most probably relate to these accounts better because they have applied the technology in a virtual environment. A conventional strategy to questioning can aid in maturing training processes

Education in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education in Texas - Essay Example Origins of Public Education in Texas The origins of the public education system in Texas grew out of the dissolution of an alliance between Mexico and Texas. Prior to 1835 the agreement between the two states stipulated that Mexico be responsible for education in that particular region of the United States. Because of the dissolution of the agreement and the enactment of the Texas Declaration of Independence of 1836 the responsibility of educating the public shifted from Mexico to the State of Texas. Major Milestones The education system in Texas has progressively evolved over the last 150 years. The development of the education system grew in response to the needs of the citizens and the demands of regional commerce. Some of the major historical milestones of the education system in Texas include: 1840 – First Anglo-American school opened; 17,712 acres of land in each county in the state designated for public schools (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1845 – A specific pe rcentage of annual tax revenue set aside for free public education; creation of the Permanent School Fund (McClellan, 2011). 1876 – State Constitution of 1876 set aside 45 million acres of public lands for schools; funds held within the Permanent School Fund invested in bonds (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1884 - School laws rewritten; re-creation of the duties and responsibilities of the State Superintendent of Education; ad valorem tax affirmed to create a consistent source of income for the public education system (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1885 - Statewide school accreditation system developed and implemented (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 1949 - Senator A. M. Aikin and State Representative Claud Gilmer organize committees to reform education system (Gilmer-Aikin laws); teachers’ salaries and standardization of teaching credentials established (Erekson, 2010, p. 1033) 1957 – Assessment and evaluation of the effectiveness of the Gilmer-Aikin laws (Texa s Education Agency, 2011). 1984 - House Bill 72 increased teachers’ salaries and restructured school financing enabling a shift of resources from wealthier school districts to poorer performing districts (Texas Education Agency, 2011). 2001- No Child Left Behind (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Reforms and Revisions The development of the education system, management agencies, state municipalities, along with individual school districts throughout the State has been an ongoing process. Pivotal events in the United States’ history such as the Civil War, World Wars I and II, and integration influenced the formation of the education system in Texas. From the inception and establishment of the first public school in 1840, leaders, elected administrators, and lawmakers sought ways in which to deliver the highest quality of education available for the residents of Texas (Texas Education Agency, 2011). Provisions for permanent funding for the education system did not occ ur until 1845 in which the Permanent School Fund was created. The fund created specific financing options for educating students in Texas; its purpose was to lighten the burden on citizens paying taxes and to produce an alternate way of funding public education. The predecessor of the Permanent Sch

Technology and Training Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Technology and Training Systems - Essay Example A number of the participants stated that the interviewing phase acted as a means of exploring the training system, debate the findings, and change the evaluation into an academic expedition. With no proper questioning, employees who may record poor productivity in the training system may get the wrong impression about the organization or its training system. In my assessment, I also learned that subjects should draw on the entire experience of the training session and not simply the outcome. This drawing should include shifting the focus of the debate from matters employees enjoy conversing about to topics that are more important (LÃ ©ger, Feldstein, Babin, Charland, Robert, & Lyle, 2011). For instance, participants of my assessment ought to have talked about group behaviors that either aided or limited them during training. Other questions that employees in similar career development systems could ask are the significance of clarity, the full exploitation of all group members’ contribution, requirements for complete usage of the knowledge of fellow employees, and the effects of such combined effort. During the questioning in my assessment, I emphasized the fact that a group that did not produce desired results in the training system but can explain the root of this poor delivery is at an advantage compared to a group that produ ced desired results but cannot explain why they performed well. My assessment also established that a more official and ready teaching presentation can be helpful for questioning. This is a good chance for analyzing some of the key concepts behind incorporation and technology-supporting training systems and offering explanations and features of these systems. With the simulation training experience, employees can most probably relate to these accounts better because they have applied the technology in a virtual environment. A conventional strategy to questioning can aid in maturing training processes

Agrippina the Younger - Rome a symbol of strength Essay Example for Free

Agrippina the Younger Rome a symbol of strength Essay Rome a symbol of strength, empowerment and prosperity for many, leaving no doubt in modern historians thoughts that this utopia was one of the most prominent of the ancient era’s. One dynasty within this epoch stands out, as being one of the most provocative and influential was the Julio-Claudian dynasty. This period was introduced with the instigation of the emperor Julio Augustus, known as one of the most appreciated emperors in Roman history. After Augustus came the rulers Tiberius, Gaius Germanicus (Caligula), Claudius and Nero. With every new ruler the amount of power and wealth in the city swelled, some even say that it was the golden age of Roman literature and arts. Each of these power broker’s have one person in common, apart from imperial extravagance and notoriety, they all have felt the sting of Julia Agrippina’s manipulative powers (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013). When studying Agrippina it is found that many of the sources do not retain a sympathetic view of the During the Julio-Claudian era Agrippina the younger only retained her power through the manipulation of her son, husband and peers. By doing this she made herself on the most powerful women in Rome. Growing up with the most loved general in Rome at that time, Agrippina was destined for greatness. In her teenage years the regrettable incident of her fathers passing occurred and the empire was left to Tiberius, during this time she was betrothed to Domitius Ahenobarbus, which she eventually bore a child with called Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. Most sources state that she was forced into this marriage by the emperor Tiberius, a fact that is acknowledged by modern historian Donna Hurley when she states that Agrippina’s union with Cn.  Domitius Ahenobarbus was arranged by Tiberius. After this Hurley then goes on to state that it was practice for families of prominence in the ruling house to have the emperor arrange their marriages, which would explain why Agrippina was married at the tender age of thirteen. This period was probably one of the most controversial in Agrippina’s time as it instigated her impression that those in power were the ones with the most influence. Ask any of the historians of the Julio Claudian era how Julia Agrippina was able to come to such inordinate power, each will give you a different answer, but they all start with Agrippina’s relationship with her brother. By honoring his sisters Gaius Germanicus Caligula was reprimanded and made an easy target. These honors gave the three sisters unparalleled status, they included; making them honorary vestal virgins, inclusion in the annual vows for the allegiance to the emperor and the emperors safety, inclusion of in the preamble to proposals submitted to the senate, being depicted on coins and many other. An account, now considered unlikely to be true, is mentioned by Suetonius [in 1914: XXIV], â€Å"He (Caligula) lived in habitual incest with his sisters†¦ he is believed to have violated Drusilla when he was a minor†. The more realistic option is explored by Barrett, which states â€Å" Caligula would have looked for affection from his three sisters†¦ it was doubtless this affection that led to stories of incest with all three sisters†. This appeared as an opportunity for Agrippina to manipulate her way to becoming an influential power broker in that era. Agrippina’s sister Drusilla was Caligula’s favourite, and when he fell ill he immediately made her his heir, however this instigation was evaded as she died unexpectedly in AD 38, therefore Caligula reaped with grief deified his beloved sister making her the only woman to be deified in the Julio Claudian era. The controversy commenced when Agrippina’s husband, Domitius, died and the two remaining sisters conspired against Caligula, whom at the time was growing quite timeworn. This conspiracy was set about so the family could withhold its power and influence in the republic. Again, as before with Caligula the sisters were thought to have been involved in sexual relations with their brother-in-law, Marcus Lepidus, who according to Peter Roberts (2013, 165) was made heir in place of Drusilla. Putting his faith in the wrong man, Caligula eventually discovered a plot created by his much loved siblings and his beloved heir to get rid of him so as to make Lepidus the new emperor, whilst repaying the loyalty of Agrippina and her sister by allowing them to keep their status as when Caligula reigned. Due to the emperor’s sensitivity to conspiracies, the emperor eventually took heed of their plan and sentenced Lepidus to be put to death whilst sending Agrippina and her sister into exile to the Pontian Islands. The idea that Agrippina was grasping for power even then is backed up by the modern historian, Leadbetter, in his novel ‘The Ambition of Agrippina the Younger’ when he writes â€Å"Agrippina and Lepidus had formed a conspiracy to replace Caligula†¦ Thus Agrippina’s first attempt at seizing power long predated her marriage to Claudius†. Caligula’s growing greed was becoming a worry to the senate, and although they disapproved of him they offered him compassion so as to gain his trust. Eventually the Praetorian Guard was sent to dispose of him (Roberts. P, 2008). Claudius, Agrippina’s uncle, is mostly known for his eventual insanity, however many do not remember his extreme kindness to those whose faith had been entrusted unto him. When he assumed power his first course of action was to reinstate his two nieces back into the Roman community. His wife, named Messalina, assumed the same practice as Agrippina, and protected her own interests by divorcing her sick and time spent husband and joined C. Silius, next years appointed consul, in marriage. This, like Agrippina was executed to ensure her financial and social safety. This resembles the aforementioned conspiracy between the two sisters and Lepidus. Agrippina identifying this approach shamelessly begins to flirt with her uncle and plants the thought of Messalina’s betrayal in his mind. It was not long after this that the Praetorian Guard was sent to dispose of her. Due to Agrippina’s obvious flattery towards the withered emperor did not go unnoticed and Claudius who was expected to wed again soon chose his niece as he new bride. This created some uncomfortable tension in the senate, which arranged all imperial marriages, since it was forbidden to marry your niece. This however was overlooked since Agrippina’s father even then was still seen as an inspiration in the empire and would give the emperor favor of the people. The marriage also prevented Agrippina from marry another rival for the throne, thus eliminating any competition. After the two relatives were engaged a decree was passed to allow the matrimony between uncle and niece, a fact which is enforced by Cassius Dio in his book Roman History when he states â€Å"they [the senators] also passed a decree permitting Romans to wed their nieces, a union previously prohibited†. Like Messalina, Claudius showed the utmost fascination towards his new wife and granted her many extravagances, some which were only reserved for Goddesses. The most interesting is the five- layered sardonyx which depicts Claudius, Agrippina and her parents. This would have displayed to the public that the marriage of the emperor and his niece has kept a pure blood line and therefore is the better option for emperor, it also confirms the positive relationship between the much loved warrior and the emperor. Another interesting privilege for Agrippina is the ‘Sebasteion of Aphrodisias’ where a statue of her has been put in place. This was a temple created for the Gods and was put emplace for Augusts (Antiquity 2, 2008). This would create the image that Agrippina should be likened to the Gods and should be just as prominent in time as Augustus. Agrippina had such power of Claudius that she manipulated him to take in her son Domitius Ahenobarbus and make him heir to the throne. Claudius also changed his name to the better-known Nero Claudius Caesar. Agrippina was able to create prominence for Nero through the much used tactic patronage, which included the use of contacts and influence to achieve an objective. In Agrippina’s case her son to become emperor (Antiquity 2, 2008). These contacts, or clients, would assist the patrons by supporting and furthering the cause of the patron. Agrippina’s clients were Seneca, one who she had recalled from exile, and Burrus who she had made sole prefect, an ordeal which is seen in ‘The Annals of imperial Rome’ written by Tacitus which states These two men were expected to do whatever Agrippina wanted, and were expected to aid in hers and her sons rise to power. There is much dispute over whether Agrippina was responsible for the death of Claudius, the more likely idea is that she did kill him as it is stated by both Tacitus and Dio Cassius. When this ordeal was over, Nero was claimed the new emperor and to Agrippina’s delight was sculptured again in the ‘Sebasteion of Aphrodisias’ with Nero by her side. During Nero’s reign Agrippina was offered even more advantages then when Claudius reigned. She become priestess of Claudius’ cult and was offered two lictors, who were men which carried around the official emblems of the public office and would clear a path for her wherever she went (Antiquity 2, 2008). However this did not match the effervescent amount of coins that were minted with the mother and son to display the family’s power. In AD 69 the saddened occurrence of Agrippina’s demise surfaced. It was apparent, although not to the wider area of Rome, that Nero was responsible for her death. It seems that Nero had grown tired of his mothers controlling ways and decided that the only way he would be rid of it was to kill her. Agrippina was an independent strong held woman in a time where females were down trodden. She was not afraid to test the system and remained one of the most prominent women in the time of imperial Rome.