Information System Intelligence and Database Technologies

Question: Portray about the Information System for Intelligence and Database Technologies. Answer: Information Management, Data Mining, and Data Warehousing Information the board is characterized as the execution and improvement procedures, arrangements, and methodology for information handling the board. The information preparing incorporates information mining and warehousing. These two are helps in the board of enormous information. Information mining comprise of assortment of colossal measure of data and databases for information the board (Joseph, 2013). It helps in extricating the information valuable on a particular database for facilitating the information warehousing process. Information warehousing is assortment and procedure of information separated from the information mining. It would help in dealing with the far reaching database for supporting the information examination (Han, Pei Kamber, 2011). Components of the arranging procedure, basic administration and administration Components of Data the board, information warehousing and information mining The components of information the executives, information warehousing and information mining are information depiction, organization of information, access and sharing, existing information and capacity and security. Some other significant components comprise of duty, scholarly privileges of property, chronicle, and safeguarding. Every one of these components are answerable for shaping a sync with the information the executives, mining and warehousing (Vucevic Yaddow, 2012). Job of Data Management, Data Mining, and Data Warehousing in Governance The information the board, information mining and information warehousing would help the legislature in different procedures, for example, dealing with the information of the government representatives, helping them in their charging division, planning plans utilizing electronic framework supported projects, and recognizing the non income items for arranging them. The legislature had utilized these innovations for keeping up the database of states (Ruppert, 2012). Components of vital making arrangements for information the board, mining and warehousing The components of key getting ready for information the executives, mining and warehousing are accomplishment of the exhibition focuses for information tasks, expanding the profitability of the activities, accomplishment of the practical rivalry advantage, and fulfilling clients (Roelofs et al. 2013). These components are basic highlights of information the executives, mining and warehousing arranging process. Data the board and data security and confirmation Data the board and data security and affirmation Data the executives can be characterized as the procedure of the executives of data and information (Mahalakshmi Sundararajan, 2013). The data the executives manages the procedure of data the board utilizing any database framework. The security and confirmation is the way toward ensuring outside unapproved access in the database of the data framework. (McNurlin, Sprague Bui, 1989). In any case, the security and confirmation of data framework would bring about expanding the effectiveness of the data the board. The administration and security confirmation of the data joined would bring about compelling data framework (Schwalbe, 2015). Components of the arranging procedure, basic administration and administration Components of Information the board and Information security and confirmation As per McNurlin Sprague and Bui (1989), the components of data the board and security affirmation are secrecy, uprightness, accessibility, utility, and legitimacy. These components are helpful for the board of data framework and support of the security and confirmation of data. Job of Information the executives and Information security and affirmation in Governance The data the board and security affirmation has helped government in making a database for all the private and secret data. The administration needed to manage enormous measure of information for the preparing and designing their activities. This data must be kept made sure about and shielded from any outer access (Spears, Barki Barton, 2013). It very well may be finished by inferring the data the board and security and confirmation. Components of Strategic making arrangements for Information the board, security and affirmation The components of data the executives and security confirmation are security arrangements, structuring of the database, responsibility and conduct (Mahalakshmi Sundararajan, 2013). These components would help in framing key designs for the data the executives and security confirmation. Information Management and Artificial Intelligence framework Information Management and Artificial Intelligence frameworks Information Management is the way toward dealing with the data on an information based framework (Brodie Mylopoulos, 2012). The information based framework helps in dealing with the data. The theoretical information on the information based framework would be useful in shaping and handling of the Artificial Intelligence ideas. The Artificial Intelligence framework is the advancement of innovation for understanding a framework that is equipped for intuition and learning simply like people (Cohen Feigenbaum, 2014). The framework depends on information picked up from throughout the long stretches of innovative turn of events. The information the executives would show the degree of the information administration for the computerized reasoning. Components of the arranging procedure, normal administration and administration Components of the executives of Knowledge Management and Artificial Intelligence framework The components of information the executives are archive stockpiling, disclosure, informing and expertise. These components would help in shaping administration of the information data. The components of man-made reasoning are information portrayal, surmising strategies, creation framework, cosmology and theory. The components are utilized for shaping the union of the data about the man-made consciousness (Chandrasegaran et al. 2013). Job of Knowledge Management and Artificial Intelligence framework in administration Information the executives has helped in building up a deliberate methodology for the administration of the information based data of their activities. The data of the administration database like government forms or salary explanation can be overseen by the utilization of information the executives data framework. The legislature had executed the procedure of the observation utilizing the computerized reasoning in their activities. The computerized reasoning has helped the administration with the dynamic procedure. The sensible thinking and human knowledge in the created framework has helped the administration for settling on better choices (Wilensky, 2015). Components of Strategic arranging of Knowledge Management and Artificial Intelligence framework The components of key arranging are planning research, looking, plausibility, and idealness (Lundquist Trippl, 2013). These components have helped in framing the administration of the information about the man-made brainpower. The information the board includes components like grouping, stockpiling, programming, crude information, and sort of information (Chang, Manohar Wilhm, 2014). References Brodie, M. L., Mylopoulos, J. (Eds.). (2012).On information base administration frameworks: coordinating man-made brainpower and database advances. Springer Science Business Media. Chandrasegaran, S. K., Ramani, K., Sriram, R. D., HorvTh, I., Bernard, A., Harik, R. F., Gao, W. (2013). The advancement, difficulties, and fate of information portrayal in item structure frameworks. PC helped structure, 45(2), 204-228. Chang, K., Manohar, N. D., Wilhm, R. K. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,712,965. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Cohen, P. R., Feigenbaum, E. A. (Eds.). (2014). The handbook of man-made brainpower (Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. Han, J., Pei, J., Kamber, M. (2011). Information mining: ideas and methods. Elsevier. Joseph, M. V. (2013). Importance of information warehousing and information mining in business applications.International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN, 2231-2307. Khan, An., Ehsan, N., Mirza, E., Sarwar, S. Z. (2012). Mix between client relationship the executives (CRM) and information warehousing.Procedia Technology,1, 239-249. Lundquist, K. J., Trippl, M. (2013). Separation, nearness and kinds of cross-outskirt advancement frameworks: A reasonable analysis.Regional Studies,47(3), 450-460. Mahalakshmi, M., Sundararajan, M. (2013). Conventional SDLC Vs Scrum MethodologyA Comparative Study.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,3(6), 192-196. McNurlin, B. C., Sprague, R. H., Bui, T. X. (1989).Information frameworks the board by and by. Prentice-Hall International. Roelofs, E., Persoon, L., Nijsten, S., Wiessler, W., Dekker, A., Lambin, P. (2013). Advantages of a clinical information distribution center with information mining instruments to gather information for a radiotherapy preliminary. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 108(1), 174-179. Ruppert, E. (2012). The legislative topologies of database devices.Theory, Culture Society, 29(4-5), 116-136. Schwalbe, K. (2015). Data innovation venture the executives. Cengage Learning. Lances, J. L., Barki, H., Barton, R. R. (2013). Guessing the idea and job of affirmation in Information Systems Security. Data the board, 50(7), 598-605. Vucevic, D., Yaddow, W. (2012). Testing the information distribution center practicum: Assuring information content, information structures and quality. Trafford Publishing. Wilensky, H. L. (2015). Hierarchical insight: Knowledge and approach in government and industry (Vol. 19). Quid Pro Books.

Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Power Applications

Vitality Storage Systems for Advanced Power Applications Dynamic The accompanying task contains the subject of intensity transmission frameworks for seaward wind ranches. The three principle sorts of transmission talked about is Line Commutated Converters, Voltage Sourced Converters and High Voltage Alternating Current. Presentation   Electrical Energy Storage innovation is capable in adapting to key qualities of power. One attribute is its capacity to hourly shift sought after and cost. Before long electrical vitality stockpiling will get fundamental in uniting pertinent markets to utilize progressively sustainable power source, to achieve low CO2 levels for Smart Grids Electrical Energy Storage has three principle targets. These are: Electrical Energy Storage brings down power costs by gathering power accomplished during off-top occasions. To improve unwavering quality of intensity supplies. Electrical Energy Storage customers during system disappointments. For instance, during cataclysmic events. To keep up and improve power quality, recurrence and voltage. As a rule, the meaning of Smart Grid is to modernize the power matrix. It includes all perspectives identified with the electrical framework between any point, from age to utilization. Presently that Smart lattice innovation has been executed the matrix has gotten progressively adaptable and intelligent and gives prompt criticism. The Smart Grid will give data concerning the cost of power and the express the force framework can be traded between power creation and utilization to understand a progressively productive and solid force gracefully Electrical Energy stockpiling is huge in the advancement of Smart Grid. Sorts of Energy Storage and Features Electrical Energy Storage Classification   â To arrange electrical vitality stockpiling frameworks the kind of vitality utilized must be thought of. In figure one underneath the capacity advances are classified into; mechanical, electromechanical, compound, electrical and warm vitality stockpiling frameworks. Optional vitality bearers, for example, hydrogen and engineered gaseous petrol are worked to store electrical vitality through electrolysis of water to make hydrogen and methane. Energy components oxidizes hydrogen or methane to deliver power. The mix of the electrolysis power module methodology is an electrochemical vitality stockpiling framework. Be that as it may, the two gases are multi-reason vitality bearers. For instance, the power can be created in a gas or steam turbine. In this manner, they are sorted as substance vitality stockpiling frameworks. Warm vitality stockpiling frameworks are additionally thought of. Most warm vitality frameworks are not the immediate contribution to capacity frameworks. Be that as it may, utilizing the assistance of warm vitality stockpiling the vitality from sustainable power sources can be fortified, which permits power to be created on request. Hot liquid salts in concentrated sun based force plants and the capacity of warmth in compacted air plants utilizing an adiabatic procedure to accomplish proficiency is a model. Mechanical Storage Systems Siphoned hydroelectric, compacted air vitality stockpiling and flywheel vitality stockpiling are the most famous mechanical stockpiling frameworks utilized. Siphoned Hydro Storage Siphoned hydro capacity innovation uses to stores at various elevations. At off pinnacle times water from the base supply is siphoned to the top store. This is can be alluded to as charging. When electrical vitality is need water from the top store streams down to the base supply, which thus controls turbines situated between the top and base repository. The turbines are associated with generators to then create power. This is known as releasing. Siphoned hydro depends on ecological areas. For high and low repositories dams, overflowed mines, other underground pits and the vast ocean are appropriate areas to develop a siphoned hydro vitality framework plant. Right now in the UK there is one siphoned hydro station situated in Dinorwg in North Wales. This is the force station delineated in figure two underneath. Release timeframes can last as long as a few hours to a couple of days. This relies upon the size of the plant. They are seventy to eighty-five percent proficient. A few points of interest of siphoned hydro innovation is the long lifetime and practicability boundless cycle security of the establishment. Disservices are its reliance on geographical conditions and huge land zone utilized. Packed Air Energy Storage Packed air innovation is utilized as a capacity implies because of its attainable quality. Air is compacted and kept in underground structures or over the ground frameworks of vessels or channels. Gaseous petrol is then blended in with the packed air and consumed, which is extended in particular gas turbines. Common underground stockpiling framework areas are caves, springs or relinquished mines. This procedure is delineated in figure three underneath. Warmth can't be discharged during pressure dispersal as it will cool while away. The air should be warmed before extension in the turbine. This is called Diabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage. This technique gives low full circle efficiencies of under 50%. This framework is entrenched with plants having high unwavering quality and are capable at beginning without unessential force. The primary preferences of packed air vitality stockpiling are its enormous limit. The drawbacks the innovation creates is low full circle effectiveness and area limitation. Flywheel Energy Storage Flywheel vitality stockpiling creates vitality utilizing a pivoting chamber and stores its vitality in a quickened rotor. The flywheel is comprised of a pivoting body/chamber inside a compartment. There are additionally bearing and a transmission gadget. The electrical vitality is created by the flywheel by keeping the turn of the body at a consistent speed. The higher the speed the more vitality put away. To work the flywheel is electrically provided by a transmission gadget. On the off chance that the speed lessens, at that point power my by assembled from the framework by the transmission device.ã‚â The rotor of the flywheel is made out of high quality carbon fibers. These are suspended by attractive heading. The rotor can arrive at velocities of twenty thousand to more than fifty thousand fires up every moment in a vacuum fenced in area. The upsides of utilizing flywheels empowers a long-life length, little support, high force thickness utilizes ecologically dormant material and has magnificent cycle soundness. The burdens to flywheels have elevated levels of release to the opposition noticeable all around and bearing misfortunes. They likewise experience the ill effects of low current productivity.

PANRE and PANCE Review EKG

From the official Physician Assistant Certification and Recertification Exam Review Course. Electrocardiogram/EKG review by the amazing Carol Sadley, Med PA-C. NEW! ECG "Pearls Pitfalls" Lecture Series A wonderful 2 hour video lecture series by Jeffrey Tabas UCSF Professsor of Emergency Medicine. Watch Now Physician Assistant Certification and Recertification Exam Review | PANRE | PANCE by The Physician Assistant Life Suggested Review Books You may also like -The 4 Best PANCE and PANRE Study Guides and Review Books What are the best PANCE and PANRE board review books? Here are my picks for the top PANCE and PANRE review books of 2019 that have helped me score in the top 5% on both the PANCE and PANRE exams. You can browse my complete list []PANCE Failure and Pass Rate: Physician Assistant Certification ExamThe PANCE examination has been in existencesince 1973, and as of 2017 over 115,547 people have taken the exam. In 2003 the number was just over50,000 which representsa 43% increase in just 14 years! In most years the number of []Overview of the PANCE, PANRE and Pilot Alternative BlueprintsNew 2019 PANCE, PANRE and Pilot Alternative to PANRE blueprints. With a look at the new PANRE three-tier assessment system.

Dark Age Ahead, By Jane Jacobs - 1282 Words

In her novel, Dark Age Ahead, Jane Jacobs discusses why five pillars of society are in danger. These five pillars are families rigged to fail, credentialing versus education, science abandoned, and dumb-downed taxes and self-policing subverted. She goes into detail as to why each of these sections of our society is struggling and is destined for a dark age. However, for the purpose of this paper, I will focus on education and my agreement as to how educational institutions are focusing on credentialing its student instead of educating them. When entering a postsecondary education institution, parents and students alike believe that a good education is a ticket to a successful job after graduation. This is especially true when the cost†¦show more content†¦These numbers can be frightening for students who have to take out loans to finance their education. However, many students do not understand what is waiting for them after graduation. Students are encouraged to pick a su bject to study that interest them; although this is important, students also need to look at the job opportunities available in that field of study. For example, many young students aspire to become teachers, the job definitely has some perks, but finding a full-time job in teaching can be difficult. According to Maclean’s â€Å"67 per cent of education graduates from Ontario’s class of 2009 found themselves unemployed or underemployed in the following year† (Dehaas 2011). When there are little to no job opportunities students begin to feel the pressure and retreat back to what they know, school. Graduate school seems great and all, but sometimes it is not the right track to take. Students accumulate more debt, become more specialized and expect higher pay because of their higher education. The Economist reports, â€Å"In Canada 80% of postdocs earn $38,600 or less per year before tax – the average salary of a construction worker† (The Economist 20 10). Students need to weigh their options before running back to school. It might be best to work at a local restaurant for a year while looking for a job in your career. When young students are faced with the option to attend university or college many often sign up without any questions because they do not want

Alexander Fleming The Discovery of Penicillin - 1884 Words

Sir Alexander Fleming changed the world of medicine not only in his days but also in the world today. We have the medicines and antibiotics that we have today because of Alexander Fleming. His discovery was much needed in the world and I hate to think where we would be in the medicine world if he hadn’t discovered penicillin. Alexander Fleming was born on August 6, 1881 in Darvel, Ayrshire, Scotland. He was born on Lochfield Farm, which was his family’s farm. Alex was the seventh of eight children. He was the third child born to his father’s second wife. With his upbringing in Scotland, Alexander had much more appreciation of the natural world at a young age. (Brown, 2013) Alexander started his schooling at Loudoun Moor. He moved from†¦show more content†¦(Brown, 2013) In 1915, Alexander married an irish nurse named Sarah Marion McElroy. In 1924, Sarah and Alexander’s first child was born. It was a son named Robert. Alexander’s son would go on to follow in his father’s footsteps within the medical field. Alexander had a commission in the army during World War 1. He was in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and he studied wound infections as a bacteriologist. It was during his study of wound infections that he found that strong antiseptics did more harm than healing on the wounds. He suggested that a mild saline solution would be better. (Brown, 2013) When he returned back home from World War 1, he returned to St. Mary’s and the Inoculation Department. In 1921, while still working under Wright, Fleming discussed that lysozyme, which is present in our body fluids, worked well as a mild antiseptic. This discovery of lysozyme was the first of Fleming’s many discoveries. His discovery of lysozyme led to a great study and discovery on how the body fights off infections. The time came in 1946 where he was finally was named the successor for Wright, and the Inoculation Department was then renamed Wright-Flemin g Institute. (Brown, 2013) Although Fleming sealed his place in history with the discovery of lysozyme, it was his discover of Penicillin in 1928 that started the revolution of antibiotics and sealed his lasting reputation within the medical world. In 1945, Fleming was recognized for his achievements and heShow MoreRelatedAn Accidental Discovery: Sir Alexander Fleming and Penicillin1343 Words   |  6 Pages During his life, Alexander Fleming greatly changed the world’s view and knowledge of antibiotics and antiseptics. Alexander Fleming was born on August 6, 1881, and died on March 11, 1955 of an unexpected heart attack. From 1903 to 1906, Alexander Fleming attended Saint Mary’s Hospital Medical School. While in school, Fleming received qualifications as a surgeon, but his interests later changed towards bacteriology, after he returned from World War I. Fleming served as a medical officer in the RoyalRead MoreWhy The Discovery Of Penicillin Is A Game Changer1596 Wor ds   |  7 Pageslate (1881-1955) Sir Alexander Fleming! Sir â€Å"Alec† Fleming is being nominated for the Carleton biotechnology prize today for the discovery of Penicillin in September of 1921 at his laboratory in St Mary’s Hospital. Fleming is the father of modern day antibiotics because of his outstanding work as a bacteriologist. Had it not been for his amazing discovery of penicillin the world would be a much scarier place for modern man. In this paper I will prove beyond all doubt that Fleming deserves this awardRead MoreSir Alexander Fleming Is â€Å"the Penicillin Man†1541 Words   |  7 PagesSir Alexander Fleming is â€Å"The Penicillin Man† When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didnt plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the worlds first antibiotic, or bacteria killer, Fleming would later say, But I suppose that was exactly what I did. And we should thank him every time when we get sick and take the penicillin as single remedy for our disease. Because of his research and his discovery of penicillin, he has the greatest contributionRead MorePenicillin : A Class Of Drugs1255 Words   |  6 PagesContent Antibiotics Introduction Discovery Structure Mechanism of action Class of drug Medical use Adverse effect Antibiotics: ï‚ § Antibiotics is the chemical substances which derived from living organisms that are capable to inhibit or kill the other living organism’s life process. ï‚ § The first antibiotics were isolated from microorganisms but some are now obtained from higher plants and animals. ï‚ § Over 3,000 antibiotics have been identified but only a few dozen are used in medicine.Read MoreThe Carleton Prize For Biotechnology Nomination1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Carleton Prize for Biotechnology Nomination Alexander Fleming, a name often connected to the evolution of medicine. Perhaps one of the most impactful and influential scientific researchers of the 20th century thus making him the most deserving to receive The Carleton Prize for Biotechnology. Providing enormous advances in the understanding of human biology through his findings of Lysozyme and Benzyl penicillin (The Nobel Foundation, 1945). Lysozyme has acted as a stepping stool for scientistsRead MoreFleming And His Amazing Discovery Of Penicillin1453 Words   |  6 Pages Fleming and His Amazing Discovery of Penicillin BIOL 1010 Professor: James Cheetham Student: Hyun Hong 100831589 October 6th, 2015 Biotechnology has a long history of helping human beings have a better quality of life. Over the decades, numerous scientists have made substantial contributions to biotechnology. Among these scientists, I think Alexander Fleming made the greatest contributions. In this paper, I will explain how Alexander Fleming made significant contribution toRead MoreThe Discovery of Penicillin1750 Words   |  7 Pagesinvention of penicillin, the medical miracle. Penicillin was considered the miracle cure when it was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and it saved several lives including our soldiers but have we abused this medical miracle? However, it is imperative for our civilization to understand how penicillin was invented, the war it saved, and the resistance that it has sir come. Alexander Fleming was born in Ayshire in the lowlands of southwestern Scotland (Sir Alexander Fleming-Biography).Read MoreThe Discovery Of Insulin And Penicillin And The Development Of The U.s. Health Care System1745 Words   |  7 Pagesvery little variation in results. Many people do not know that the 1920s was more than an age of economic prosperity and defying prohibition; it was also a time of great advances in health care and medicine in the United States. The discovery of insulin and penicillin and the development of the U.S. health care system are only a few of the examples of the medical advances that took place in the 1920s. These advances shaped the lives of Americans in a way like no other. Medicine and health care wasRead MoreThe Advent of Penicillin Essay675 Words   |  3 PagesThe Advent of Penicillin The advent of penicillin forever changed the world of medicine at its discovery with its ability to treat diseases, deadly at the time, that are now considered commonplace and easily treatable. Penicillin was one of the greatest discoveries of the twentieth century, as antibiotics are one of the most highly prescribed drugs in the world today. Although its discovery is often described as serendipitous, the process by which it was cultivated was quite meticulous, andRead More Penicillin Essay524 Words   |  3 Pages Penicillin was accidentally discovered at St. Marys Hospital, London in 1929 by Dr. Alexander Fleming. As test continued, Fleming began to realize that he was on the verge of a great discovery. However, he still did not know the identity of the fungus, and had little knowledge of fungi. His crude extracts could be diluted 1,000 times and still be effective in killing bacteria. After years of working on penicillin and going nowhere, many of his co-workers grew tired of hearing about it. The first

Computer Assisted Language Learning

Question: Discuss about theComputer Assisted Language Learning. Answer: Introduction Computers and technology has become extensive in schools, colleges and every other educational sector. Now, since language learning has a sense of urgency at present, it has raised the requirement of computer literacy to the level of obligation (Beatty 2013). Language teachers, now a day have started to employ computers as a medium of new pedagogical instrument for teaching foreign languages. This generated the idea of Computer Assisted Language Learning i.e. CALL and this has been proved to influence educational psychology, designing learning materials for teachers through web based instructions and Human Computer Interaction (Golonka et al. 2014). Summary The authors Cynthia White and Hayo Reinders, in this chapter have emphasized the effectiveness of CALL in teaching the foreign language, English and developing the teaching materials for that purpose through CALL. The authors, in the first place, try to identify the unique features of CALL that has provided it an advantageous position over other conventional non-CALL teaching methods. However, the section also highlights some of the major drawbacks of this technology driven language-learning platform. It has been argued in the chapter that language learning in virtual medium takes place in three levels that include theoretical perspective, pedagogical framework and teaching procedure. The supporters of CALL have asserted immense importance to these stages appreciating them as dynamic, iterative procedures in terms of design and execution. According to the scholars reviewed in this chapter, there are numerous advantages of L2 acquisition through CALL; the materials of CALL aid in deve loping computer literacy, communicative skills, building e-community, creating identity, learning in a collaborative platform and mentoring. Besides, the chapter highlights advantages of organizations in using CALL materials as well as several pedagogical advantages of these materials in the acquisition of L2. Perhaps the greatest advantage of CALL is that it can incorporate such features like recording and animation that are not possible to find in the traditional learning concepts. In the second subsection of the chapter two different projects have been discussed where CALL has been utilized; the first one being in a distance education program and the second being a self-access program in online. The first project, the application of CALL materials in the online distance-learning program was more or less a success but in the second one, the need for effective learner training and increasing the number of support staff was felt. However, in both the projects, it was seen that the students interpretation of the tasks and materials had a mediating role between CALL and the students success. Critique of the Reading The chapter reviewing the utilization of CALL in acquisition of L2 takes a strong stand in supporting the widespread usage of this newly emerged technological language-learning program. The chapter in the beginning identifies some of the distinct features of this learning and by discussing relevant pedagogical theories attempt to highlight the potential positive outcomes of this. Due to the difference in platform and in the process of designing curriculum, CALL faces several difficulties in combining theory and practice (Levy and Stockwell 2013). However, the chapter has shown an inclination to negate the importance of developing theory-based curriculum stating that it was not necessary to restrict the instructional design by grounding it on pedagogical theories. However, this approach is highly wrong as pedagogical theories are meant to discover the essential requirements of a student at different stage and helps the instructors to go in depth of the learners psychology (Ushioda 201 3). Moreover, in the CALL format, face-to-face interaction between the teachers and the learners is absent and that the teacher is not physically present to guide the students according to their learning needs. Hence, a curriculum based on pedagogy built as per the needs of students becomes important here, as it would enhance their learning outcomes. On the other hand, the three-level model is indeed effective for the CALL learners, as this would inevitably help them to learn in a systematic way. In this context, agreeing with the authors it can be said that the pedagogical activities have scope to be initiated at any of the three levels of approach, design and procedure (Reinders and White, 2017). Indeed, it is the openness and flexibility of the CALL procedure that has made the online language learning so popular. To discuss about the unique features and advantages of CALL learning, as Loucky and Ware (2016) identifies, it is highly appreciating that CALL incorporates contemporary technological attributes like peer-to-peer networking, messaging and many more to overcome the pedagogical constraints and affordances. Among all other advantages mentioned about CALL in this chapter, some raise questions about their real power to be proved as an advantage. For instance, the author mentions the availability of multimedia technology like online video and information on internet enhances authenticity (Bueno-Alastuey and Lpez Prez 2014). However, all these mediums that have been mentioned here are not formally established as authentic source for studying and hence, the question about their reliability remains. There are other issues with the matter of teacher-student interaction that have been emphasized by the author are also not beyond questions. Undoubtedly, interaction in the language acquisition pr ogram plays a major role but when this interaction and access to internet does not remain in limit, it can create scope for unnecessary deviation for the students (Oberg and Daniels 2013). Among the appreciating features of CALL, the contribution of technology in this format is worth mentioning here. The infinite possibilities that technology has opened for CALL, is worthy to be praised. Especially, the prompt feedback providing aspect is very helpful for the language learners. The parser-based CALL and language processing has the ability to provide potential feedback even prior to the process of language learning (Balushi 2012). This referred section of the book offers a clear advantageous position of CALL, though presented in subdivisions of organizational and pedagogical. The chapter rightly identifies the principal benefit of CALL in terms of access of internet-based materials at anytime anywhere. However, in this case the writers have not overlooked the potential drawbacks of accessing learning materials without the supervision of the educators. As Loucky and Ware (2016) opines that the context of self-access can be deprived of quality or efficiency without the motivation factor of teachers. In addition, the access to students data and progress report has been easier with this CALL format of learning. On the other hand, the authors have highlighted the advantage of sharing learning materials and updating them easily. However, in this context they have overlooked the fact that this unrestricted opportunity to share materials has opened the chances of plagiarism and dishonesty on students part. Another aspect of cost-efficiency has been mentioned quite emphatically as an advantage. Yet, the initial cost of setting up the infrastructure of CALL has not been cited in the chapter. Setting up the technological appliances and framing CALL materials entail a huge amount of cost and this can be an obstacle to the widespread of technology driven language learning (Lin, Huang and Chen 2014). From the pedagogical perspective the authors have highlighted two aspects how CALL enhances the authenticity of the learning materials and how through the educational games, which is a part of CALL course design, developed for the young learners, assist in their learning process (Reinders and White, 2017). Again, this case of authenticity is arguable as collecting corpora to develop dictionaries and even to form the textbook content may not be authentic. However, the writers have put forward an argument on this stating that the learning materials gathered from authentic sources are not necessarily of better quality always. This opinion has considerable logic in it and one can agree with them in this context. Apart from this, the agrreing with Griffiths and Oxford (2014), it can be said that the innovative idea of engaging students in educational games for better learning experience is highly appreciating. Excluding all these advantages and gaps in the learning process through CALL, the best among all is the communication process between two learners, which is highly praiseworthy. The way two students are partnered, where someone interested to learn a specific language is aligned with another student having that language as L1 is of great advantage. This kind of partnering across nationalities and languages is not possible in the traditional language learning program and that it facilitates the students to learn a language with its practical implications. This flow of ideas among the students is undoubtedly an advantageous ground for L2 learners. In case of situated learning, it is indeed challenging for the students as well as for the teachers to develop such situations and plan activities for the learners so that they can gather knowledge from real life situations. In traditional learning medium, creating this environment of situational learning is very difficult for the teachers but in as the authors mention, in CALL, this becomes much easier. This is because the educators need to create exercises for the students only and since this format of learning is somewhat self-reliant for the L2 learners, it is up to them to complete the tasks and activities recommended on their own (Reinders and White, 2017). The aspect of language learning through multimodality is an interesting characteristic of CALL. In the traditional materials, the scope of using multimedia was absent. Knowing the fact that language acquisition becomes better with audio-visual medium and through constant interaction, there is no denial of the fact that CALL remains much ahead of conventional language learning programs. The CALL format enables the instructors to repackage the materials into one mode from the other (Ushioda 2013). The benefit of this multimodality aspect is that the students can easily learn according to their preference of medium. However, the simulations of real world that CALL is able to offer indeed accelerates the pace of L2 acquisition although the authors do not overlook its limited scopes due to technical challenges (Golonka et al. 2014). In this context, there is another benefit of CALL potentially identified by the authors. This entails the non-linearity of CALL presenting the students with opportunity to access information according to their choice of sequence. These are all advantages due to the involvement of technology in this format. However, as this non-linear learning violates the predetermined sequence grounded on pedagogical theories, many scholars like Ushioda (2013), have objected to this suspecting that students may unconsciously misguide them in the absence of an educators intervention. The major advantage that CALL incorporates in its space is the ability to monitor and record the learners progress and their learning behavior in a more efficient and easier way. Since all the monitoring and recording procedures are done mechanically, there are less chances of bias and that the students can also have opportunity to have a reflection on their progress. To opine from the pedagogical perspective, this aspect facilitating ongoing study planning develops the metacognitive awareness of the learners (Reinders and White, 2017). Besides, the CALL form of learning assists the learners to gain control over their leaning program giving them a feeling of empowerment. However, to what extent this control can be allowed is open to questions. In the second subsection, where CALL is shown in practice in two different projects, the advantages and disadvantages of this learning medium are expressed more explicitly. In the Online Distance Foreign Language Teaching program, the writers authentically document how the transfer from face-to-face learning to CALL has been difficult and challenging. Actually, this is the practical side of implementing CALL, which many of the scholars have disregarded in their highly welcoming analysis. Another project completed in University of Auckland offered an online language-learning program empowering the students with self-access. This project along with the one conducted in King Mongkut University of Technology showed the gaps behind planning and its implementation, as according to Levy and Stockwell (2013), the students required more support materials than expected. The realization of CALL in the institutes clearly shows that the apparently thought easy implementation process has faced wit h major failure. In the online self-assessment program of Auckland University, the major challenge became to motivate students to use the online programs abundantly (Reinders and White 2017). Despite efforts and the huge positive response from the students, it became difficult to make them continue with the program. However, the authors lack in providing a solution to this unwillingness in the chapter and only highlighting the problems will not help. Conclusion Having explored the chapter from a critical point-of-view, it can be said that the authors have effectively highlighted all the major areas of benefit that CALL offers though many of the potential drawbacks have been overlooked or missed by them. This critical analysis also picks out the gap that remains between the theoretical concept and the practical implementation of CALL supported by the findings of projects conducted in the second subsection. The chapter has prioritized the matter of practicality in course design over pedagogical perspective. However, apart from all these, the critique of the chapter reveals that not enough concentration has been given on CALL as a language learning program; rather the discussion, at times appears to be general e-learning program. Excluding all these issues, the argument presented on CALL in this chapter has been a successful one. References Balushi, M. 2012. Computer Assisted Language Learning for English Language Teachers' Training in Oman. [online] Available at: https://linguistics.uoregon.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Al-Balushi-Mahfouda-Mar-12.pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Beatty, K., 2013.Teaching researching: Computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Bueno-Alastuey, M.C. and Lpez Prez, M.V., 2014. Evaluation of a blended learning language course: students perceptions of appropriateness for the development of skills and language areas.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(6), pp.509-527. Gilakjani, A.P., 2016. The Relationship between Information and Communication Technology and Foreign Language Teaching and Learning.Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods,6(4), p.67. Golonka, E.M., Bowles, A.R., Frank, V.M., Richardson, D.L. and Freynik, S., 2014. Technologies for foreign language learning: a review of technology types and their effectiveness.Computer Assisted Language Learning,27(1), pp.70-105. Griffiths, C. and Oxford, R.L., 2014. The twenty-first century landscape of language learning strategies: Introduction to this special issue.System,43, pp.1-10. Hsu, L., 2013. English as a foreign language learners perception of mobile assisted language learning: a cross-national study.Computer Assisted Language Learning,26(3), pp.197-213. Lai, C., Yeung, Y. and Hu, J., 2016. University student and teacher perceptions of teacher roles in promoting autonomous language learning with technology outside the classroom.Computer Assisted Language Learning,29(4), pp.703-723. Levy, M. and Stockwell, G., 2013.CALL dimensions: Options and issues in computer-assisted language learning. Routledge. Lin, C.Y., Huang, C.K. and Chen, C.H., 2014. Barriers to the adoption of ICT in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in US universities.ReCALL,26(01), pp.100-116. Loucky, J.P. and Ware, J.L. eds., 2016.Flipped Instruction Methods and Digital Technologies in the Language Learning Classroom. IGI Global. Oberg, A. and Daniels, P., 2013. Analysis of the effect a student-centred mobile learning instructional method has on language acquisition.Computer Assisted Language Learning,26(2), pp.177-196. Reinders, H. and White, C. 2017. The theory and practice of technology in materials development task design. [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/1327962_1136940350_bookchapter-ReindersandWhite%20(1).pdf [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Ushioda, E. ed., 2013.International perspectives on motivation: Language learning and professional challenges. Springer.

Literary Terms Figurative Language Essay Example

Literary Terms Figurative Language Paper literal language language that means exactly what it says figurative language writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally (same as figure of speech) figure of speech A word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be taken on a literal level simile comparison using like or as metaphor a comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as. extended metaphor a metaphor which extends over several lines or an entire poem conceit extended metaphor hyperbole an extreme exaggeration personification giving human qualities to animals or objects irony the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning verbal irony occurs when what is said contradicts what is meant or thought, The contrast between what is said and what is actually meant. irony of situation this refers to a happening that is the opposite of what is expected or intended (same as situational irony) dramatic irony In this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work euphemism a mild, indirect, or vague term substituting for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term apostrophe a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction metonymy a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using the crown to refer to a monarch ; Also, The pen is mightier than the sword. antithesis a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced synecdoche a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part idiom An expression that cannot be understood if taken literally (ex- Get your head out of the clouds). symbolism A device in literature where an object represents an idea. oxymoron a figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms paradox A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. cliche a worn-out idea or overused expression